The Taxes Of Sugary Drinks Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Taxes Of Sugary Drinks. Answer: Contention For: In the event that the legislature of Australia consolidates charges with appropriations on different drinks and nourishments, it can essentially improve residents wellbeing while possibly sparing billions in social insurance use because of diminished utilization which in turns diminishes heftiness. The duties of sweet beverages/undesirable nourishments will help address enormous and expanding corpulence trouble (A$4 billion yearly) and its related interminable sickness. Sugar expense will change beverages and food costs consequently making sound choices progressively moderate contrasted with undesirable wares. This will impact what individuals purchase. This can work in a similar way as cigarettes and mixed beverages burdens that decrease smoking and drinking separately. A sugar charge prompts extrenal cost as suagr drinks force higher outer expenses on the general public . The overcosnmption of sugar stays a significant trigger of medical issues like weight and its related sicknesses like back container and heart diseas. These extrenal cost are showed in greater expense forced on natioal wellbeing administration. The unexpected weakness contrarily imapcts work consequently productvuty. Along these lines sugar utilizations social expense is higher than sugar private-cost. The outline shows the effct of sugar with outer expenses. Free-showcase prcie is Q1 though is Price P1. However socially effcient poin is at Q2 whereby social-minimal advantage (SMB)=Social-negligible expense (SMC). The panecea is to impoase a sugar charge that expansion cost along these lines lessening amount. Contention Against: These items have inelastic interest and henceforth sugar expense won't bar their utilization. The impact will be that the legislature will hurt its own kin because of expanded costs yet will never meet the planned motivation behind restricting utilization and a decrease on occurrence of weight and henceforth diminished expenses of heftiness. The legislature should in this manner utilize other non-charge techniques like making mindfulness on wellbeing hazard related with stoutness without fundamentally expanding costs. J.M. Keynes straightforward thought is known as the interest side arrangement. Keynes held that the legislature should step in and help people who don't have the work. Keynes held that where individuals are working, the economy will be acceptable yet economy will be terrible when individuals don't work. Keynes held that where the economy is terrible (downturn), the individuals wish to set aside their cash. That is, individuals don't spend their cash on, or even put resources into, things their need. Thus, there will be less monetary exercises. Subsequently the legislature must go through additional cash where individuals don't have work. The organization will at that point obtain cash and given the residents employments or work. The working individual will subsequently go through cash again and buy things. This will assist others with getting work. The programmed changes in monetary position (spending shortage or overflow) during the downturn occur because of programmed stabilizers. Without a novel enactment, the programmed stabilizers will build the spending deficiencies during downturn. These stabilizers institute countercyclical strategy without slacks connected with authoritative arrangement modifications. The individuals will never consequently settle charges ((VAT) and personal assessment) and the administration will spend more on joblessness benefits. The perishes burdens and expanded government spending won't go about as a keep an eye on total interest. The assessment income will drop yet government use on benefits prompting expanded total interest. The programmed stabilizers corporate benefits, dynamic annual assessment and joblessness protection (UI) program. Expenses on corporate benefit will drop quickly during downturn times. Dynamic tax assessment will make numerous people fall in lower annual expense sections or cause them to have no personal duty risk along these lines expanding size of government spending shortfall or decline overflow. A case of an optional monetary arrangement (expansionary) like expanded government use will prompt a quick increment in the total interest thus a decrease in spending deficiency. The tax break will have a moderate impact with additional delay since individuals couldn't promptly spend their floods in extra cash drawn from tax reduction. A monetary compression may attainably upgrade macroeconomic execution when underscored on inefficient government ventures spending. At the point when the administration cuts the spending on inefficient activities the impacts can be twofold: The legislature will let the private financial specialists to deliver effective and helpful products or venture and thus improved macroeconomic execution. The other way is that the spared money that would have been squandered can be occupied in the creation of increasingly valuable item in better tasks that make the expectations for everyday comforts improved and henceforth improvement in the macroeconomic exhibition. Financial strategy can be utilized adequately to make monetary upgrade. The fiscal approach prompts successful upgrade bundle which include measures put together by the organization for the incitement of the battling economy. The administration utilizes this improvement bundle for the revitalization of economy just as anticipation or inversion of a downturn consequently boosting business and consumption. Makin contends that financial arrangement is more successful than monetary approach. The monetary arrangement is confronted with trouble with legitimate planning as anticipating financial action is never an accurate science. This is because of the slack between the point financial adjustments are required and the example that the need to act is immeasurably recognized. A lot of time between time of acknowledgment and time that monetary approach changes are truly authorized. Another test is with accomplishing right planning is that the impact of an adjustment in monetary arrangement would never be felt till 6 a year following the event of progress. The ineffectively coordinated financial strategy may generally build expansion in this manner quickening plunges in monetary when economy has started to back off.

Nomadic Societies Free Essays

They created by adjusting to the environmental states of their parched grounds. Because of the absence of downpour in focal Asia they can't bolster huge scope agribusiness. The Nomadic individuals would carry their groups of creatures to lands that really had a lot of grass, and stubs with the goal that they could eat. We will compose a custom exposition test on Roaming Societies or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now They lived off of just meat, milk, and the stows away of their creatures. They utilized creature bones for devices and creature defecation for fuel. Arrange their connection with the stationary states. Their connection with the inactive states was generally all through exchange and â€Å"they some of the time even received parts of auxiliary societies, and went about as mediators between settled universes. † (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) Was it generally unfriendly? No, they were not generally threatening while at the same time associating with others and they had an exceptionally solid military. Since they had such a solid worriers they had the option to hold onto the abundance of settled social orders they at that point had the option to construct supreme states in the districts encompassing focal Asia. How were they seen in an unexpected way? * A first century BCE portrayal of the Xiongnu, the original roaming people groups of the Chinese world. * A late fourth century Roman perspective on the Huns. * One of the savage gatherings that attacked the Roman Empire. portrayal of the steppe wanderers by the tenth-century Byzantine head Constantine Porphyrogenitus that reflects both Byzantine experience and the old style heritage of Greek and Roman perspectives and terms * Ibn-Al-Athir gives us an early â€thirteenth-century Muslim perspective on the Mongol assaults on the Islamic World, and Marco Polo, an European who lived for a considerable length of time at the Mongol court, gives us something of a â€Å"outside insiders† perspective on Mongol life. (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo, Ellenberger, 2006, p. 181) They likewise typically did small overseeing perceiving how factions and clans lovely uch paid special mind to themselves. Also, they were known to have an exceptionally solid military. Dissect the Mongol domain. The roaming Mongols lived on the high steppe terrains of eastern focal Asia they showed profound dedication to kinfolk bunches sorted out into families, groups, and clans. They were aligns with Turkish individuals who had constructed domains on the steppes. They couldn't set up solid stable society for an enormous scope because of their loyalties to family relationship gatherings. What sort of a pioneer was Chinggis (Ghenghis) Khan? He aced the specialty of steppe strategy which called for showcases of individual fortitude in fight, joined with extreme reliability to partners, a readiness to deceive others to improve one’s position, and the capacity to allure different clans into helpful connections. In 1206 a gathering of Mongol pioneers perceived Temujin incomparability by declaring him Chinggis was known as a widespread pioneer. † (Bentley, Ziegler, Streets, 2008, p. 272) Why did the domain decay? The realm at that point declined because of genuine challenges administering Persia and China. In Persia they had instances of exorbitant spending which stressed the treasury, and overexploitation of the lower class prompted decreased incomes. They attempted to fix their wreckage by making paper cash in the 1290’s however the vendors would not acknowledge paper, they thought it was useless. At that point when the last Mongol ruler glued away in 1335 there was no beneficiary the ilkhanate crumbled. What generally impact did the Mongols have on the eastern world? Despite the fact that the Mongols reached a conclusion it was not the finish of the migrant people groups impact on Eurasia. The Turkish individuals continued the far reaching efforts that the Mongols had intruded. Step by step instructions to refer to Nomadic Societies, Essay models

Girls’ State Essay

I want to go to the Rhododendron Girls State Program. My participation would radically help me in the entirety of my future undertakings. It would furnish me with a chance to join the more than 30,000 young ladies who have as of now profited by the citizenship, initiative, and enthusiasm preparing. This broadly perceived program would help me scholastically exceed expectations above others. Other than glancing extraordinary by and large on my school application, it could give me an opportunity to get grants. After secondary school, I right now intend to proceed with my instruction at either West Liberty University or Ohio University.I need to take a double major of science and science; these majors are significant on the grounds that I need to be Pre-Medicine. Alongside a thorough educational program, I want to play university softball. After school, I will again encourage my instruction by setting off to an institute of medication so as to turn into an orthopedic specialist. At the point when I apply for induction into these schools, they will consider projects, for example, Girls State making them see me as a superior decision than the individuals who didn't go to such programs.Since I will before long be of casting a ballot age, I am keen on getting a superior understanding and more profound respect for my nation’s inheritance of opportunity and majority rule government. Pursuing positions, enlisting to cast a ballot, and conveying addresses will give me direct understanding for this present reality. My nation’s history is special and the establishing fathers of America would be glad to see youth finding out about the administration they made.

5 Situations When You DONT Need to Use the Services of Expert Writers

5 Situations When You DONT Need to Use the Services of Expert Writers Many students turn to the use of expert writers to seek help when they are busy or overwhelmed with writing assignments. And while expert writers are great to have on hand, especially for those more challenging situations, there are still times when hiring expert writers is not necessarily what you should do. Sometimes, you might be overwhelmed with your homework and you are just unable to complete all of your tasks. Often in these cases you might ask a custom writing service to provide you with a model paper so that you can use it as an example. But sometimes it becomes a habit, and it can become a bad one. It is for this reason that it is important to learn how to tell the difference between times when you need to order a model paper and times that you are merely falling victim to your laziness or procrastination. You do not need to services of expert writers when your paper is due within the span of several months. In cases like these you have plenty of time to conduct the necessary research, draft your outline, and write the paper. You need not bother with a model paper in such cases. You also do not need to rely upon the services of expert writers when your assignment is something designed to help you develop a new set of skills which you currently do not have. In cases like these you need to complete the task yourself as a matter of learning. You need to really push yourself in order to gain that knowledge, often because the knowledge or skillset you are gaining is something upon which you will expound for the next lesson. You really do not want to miss out on a key aspect of learning. When your professor sets extraordinary requirements it is important to avoid using a model paper. The reason for this is that a model paper might have different structure from the one required and if you do not follow the rules laid out by your professor it can end badly. Additionally, when an essay deals with the topic important for the whole subject you are writing your paper for, you should avoid working with a model paper because this means you need to plunge into it by yourself. When you know you can write it yourself but you are too lazy to do it, you should avoid hiring an expert. If you were to start writing the paper the moment you began making up excuses for why you don’t want to do it, you would be halfway done before you realized anything. Overall, there are times when the use of expert writers is ideal and a model paper can be used to help you write your paper. However, there are other times when you must avoid succumbing to the habit of using a model paper and instead overcome your laziness or procrastination so as to write a great paper.

Mental Health Incidents Have Effected Policing - 1439 Words

the ways in which they address mental health incidents have effected policing. Through my research I have determined that Canadian law enforcement has failed to manage the new demands placed on them from historical and societal changes towards mental illness. This failure to properly manage has caused inefficiencies Police have long been the default resource to manage new demands from changes in society, and in regards to mental illness, they have been referred to as the â€Å"informal first responders of mental health† (Council of Canadian 33). This responsibility on police stems from two common law principles: â€Å"power and authority of police to protect the safety of the community, and the parens patriae doctrine which grants state protection for citizens with disabilities such as the acutely mentally ill† (UBC). While police have long had a responsibility to protect and HANDLE those with mental health issues, police interactions with PMI’s have increased over time. Several interrelated factors have contributed to this increase, most notably: the switch from institutionally to community based mental health care, changes to involuntary commitment for treatment, and a lack of funding for mental health care programs and services. Community based mental health care and service began to gain popularity in the United States in the 1930’s when psychologists began arguing against the legitimacy of institutionalization, calling it inhumane, and suggesting that diagnosis and treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of A Computer Or Itc System1188 Words   |  5 Pagesinfrastructures have been victims too. Educational facilities, healthcare hospitals providers and police agencies have been victims. In 2015 five Maine police agencies, whose computer systems were linked, were forced to pay $300 to cybercriminals. An officer had opened an email that was infected with ransomware and computer experts were not able to unlock the system. The ransom was paid and the system restored (Francescani, 2016). In the last few years other police departments have been victim. SomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children3685 Words   |  15 PagesOther effects on a child could be their overall development, they could lack concentration and drive at school which in turn could affect their learning and development. They may also have psychosomatic illnesses, depression, bedwetting and as mentioned before suicidal tendencies. Research has shown that children who have been affected by domestic violence, may be later in life more at risk from substance abuse, juvenile pregnancy and criminal behaviour. There is also a strong possibility that domesticRead MoreThe United States And Mexico Essay1952 Words   |  8 Pages($17 billion). U.S. exports of agricultural products to Mexico alone totaled more than 18 billion dollars in 2015 alone and accounts for the 3rd largest agricultural export market on the globe. 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Communism Has Denied Basic Human Rights - 2030 Words

Surrounded by barriers of controlled propaganda and instilled fear, Communism has denied basic human rights under the disguise of utopian ideals since its first practice in 1917 by Russia. Communism, an ideology originally founded by Karl Marx, proposed a way of life in which all workers would be equal. Marx called on the working class, or the proletariat, to unite against the class of factory owners and investors, or the bourgeois; it was predicted that Communism would arise in the countries where these classes are present. This form of government, however, remains fundamentally flawed in the sense that it is socially impossible, bearing in mind the human mentality of evolution and ambition. In order to make Communism a reality, many basic human rights have to be taken away including the rights to life and liberty, to an impersonal education, public hearing, privacy, and movement. By using different approaches of psychology as implements of repression and social control, Communist c ountries have attempted to maintain a totalitarian government while the church, despite the many obstacles faced, has remained peaceful while providing hope and support for the citizens. One field of psychology relied upon most evidently by the Communist Government of the Soviet Union was the psychodynamic approach, a perspective that looks at childhood and family experiences, unconscious thought, and societal demands, denying the human rights to freedom of thought and to an unbiased educationShow MoreRelatedEssay about Should Art Be Censored?990 Words   |  4 PagesShould Art Be Censored? What if I told you that many artists around the world, including America, are being tormented and silenced for their freedom of expression? It sounds a little strange to think that in the twenty-first century a human can still be suppressed from expressing itself however it wants. 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This position was common among the Soviet Bloc countries up until it disbanded. People in these post-soviet countries desperately fought for better human rights. They are now being rewarded; human rights in countries previously under soviet rule are improving greatly. Human rights apply to all humans, even those in prison systems throughout the soviet countries of old. People within these wallsRead More Prisoners of War Essay example1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe island of Cuba at the Naval Station of Guantà ¡namo Bay has grown out of hand. Here, the U.S. holds the prisoners that it has captured as part of its war on terrorism in a camp. They hold ver 600 men there without contact with their home countries or families and without the legal consultation of a lawyer. President Bush classifies these prisoners as â€Å"enemy combatants† and the U.S. says that for this reason they can withhold their rights unlike a normal prisoner in the case of wars (Jost). 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Psychology In Service Of National Security -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychology In Service Of National Security? Answer: Introduction: Social media today is used by unethical and illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others without the fear of being punished. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried state that social media is even used to distort important national and international data by illegal organisations to spread panic and fear among the common people. The social media platforms today consist of video sharing and streaming websites like Youtube, communication based websites like Facebook and picture sharing websites like Instagram. The numbers of users of these social networking websites are so vast that is practically impossible to monitor their activities. The users often use social media to bully and threaten innocent people using fake names and often go unpunished which encourages them to continue their illegal ventures. The essay would point out how social networking is used by these illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others. It would also include facts like cyber laws and how users prevent these un lawful attempts to arouse fear among them. Discussion: Insult and passing derogatory comments on the digital platform is one of the most illegal and unethical applications of the social media websites. Unethical groups use social media to pass insulting comments against certain communities and races. For example, there are people who pass comments on others on the grounds of races, colours, creeds, religions, sexual preferences or other any other personal attributes. Such comments make the group of people being victimized threatened and endangered (huffingtonpost.in). The impact of these racist and insulting comments on the social media is often disastrous. Today, most of the countries like the United Kingdom share their human resources with other countries by virtue of international ties between them. These means the population of these countries have large proportions of residents from other countries. For example, the latest census of Britain shows that almost half its present population is from Asia and Africa. These people have thei r own religions, cultures, traditions and even physical features like skin colours which are distinct from the resident British population (ons.gov.uk). Thus, passing insulting comments on social media result in fear, insecurity, agony and resentment among these people. These negative feelings sometimes result in uprising and public show of anger against the racist comments (news24.com). These clashes between the insulted community and the government of the resident country (the UK in this case) may lead to breach of diplomatic ties between the country of origin of the insulted community and the resident country (Boehme). According to Martin, these uprising in countries and resultant international tensions endanger the security of countries involved. The banned groups often use the strategy of cyber insult to create diplomatic disturbances between countries to give ultimatum to their inhuman intentions. These groups usually present these insults as personal opinion which they share with their friends and acquaintances on the social platforms. The serious impacts of hate comments passed on the social media has led to the governments of countries like the United States pass laws to detect and check this misuse of the digital platform. For example, the Federal Trade Commission which draws its power from Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act seeks to warn consumers against unethical groups (ftc.gov). Cyber bullying or using the social media platforms to bully innocent people refers to passing incorrect information about others usually to cause harm to them. The unlawful organizations use the social media to bully unsuspecting people to gain undeserved benefits like gaining confidential financial information. The bully can take form of sexual harassments, rumors about victims personal lives and threats (Kowalski et al.). These acts arouse negative reactions among the victims like making them feel afraid, insecure, depressed and even lead them to commit suicides. Compared to cyber insult, cyber bullying has more damaging impacts on the victims. The mentally weak people often enter depression phase due to cyber bulling. Doty et al. point out that cyber bullying is prevalent in the workplaces where a certain section of employees are targeted on the grounds of their attributes like sexuality. The employees holding high positions and even peers often use social media platforms like Fac ebook to harass female employees. This often results in the targeted female employees resigning from the organizations which lead to loss of efficient employees, thus affecting the productivity of these organizations. This has led the apex management of organizations to make policies to check all forms of cyber bullying among the employees (Yahner et al). Cyber bullying today has reached a new height and has financial as well legal implications. Unauthorized groups usually camouflage as authentic financial institutions and communicate with customers in forms of emails, calls and messages. They ask predetermined questions to extract financial information from these customers like debit card details. They use these details to obtain money from the accounts of these customers and channelize the money to finance unlawful activities like terrorism. These illegal organizations again use the accounts of customers to channelize their earnings back into the global economy, which is known as money laundering (stopbullying.gov). This strong relationship between cyber bullying, terrorist financing and money laundering has led countries around the world monitor the flow of money in the accounts of the bank customers stringently. For example, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act or FATCA by the United States requires all non-American financial in stitutions maintain record of their customers and to report their identities to the US Department of Treasury (irs.gov). This clearly shows that such stringent acts by financial institutions to prevent cyber bullying of financial nature limits the liquidity of the accounts of customers. Thus, the impact of cyber bullying is restricted to individual victims. It has devastating impacts on the financial conditions of the people and even on the flows of money within the economies. Cyber threats are the acts of gaining access to data stored on computers without gaining authorization from the owners of the data. The hackers often use virus and malwares to intrude into databases of companies to gain confidential financial information to finance their unlawful activities. These hackers steal information about customers and use cyber bullying to gain access to the bank accounts of these customers to finance their unlawful like terrorism (Bashir and Aqeel). However, cyber crime using social media websites is not restricted to hacking information from company to finance inhuman activities. Unlawful groups today threat top officers of the global multinational companies and government officials to extort money from them. The militant groups today upload videos of them threatening governments and countries on Youtube and Facebook. They use social media platform to flaunt their power to endanger global peace and harmony. The governments of developed and emerging countrie s in particular are subjected to these forms of threats (abcnews.go.com). These threats usually create panic among the people within countries as they often lead to waning of the trust of the people in the might of their countries to protect them. The three categories of cyber crimes using the social media platform are increasing alarmingly mainly due to lack of infrastructure to punish the people involved in these activities. The first factor which prevents the countries checking cyber crime is the lack of proper ways to deal with them. The groups which indulge in cyber crimes are financially and technically very strong. They use technology to protect their actions from being detected by government agencies like defense forces and police. Moreover, laws of most of the countries require the convicts or their representatives to be present to commence a legal case against them. For example, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in the United States requires physical presence of the accused persons to protect their rights to justice (uscourts.gov). The main players of cyber crime usually route cyber crime activities from outside their target countries. Thus, the Supreme Courts of the affected countries are not able to convict t hese criminals which rid them of the fear of punishments. There are diverse ways in which countries deal with cyber crimes and try convicts of the crime if caught. The criminals often use these loopholes in the judiciary systems of different countries to escape from being convicted (Harichandran, Vikram., et al.). Thus, complexities in judiciary systems of countries are responsible for the cyber criminals carrying out cyber crime with increasing intensity. The groups involved in cyber crimes on the social media are usually linked to financially powerful terrorist groups. They bribe the top officials of governments of different countries to escape punishments. Thus, the corrupted government machineries of different countries are also responsible for increasing power of cyber criminals on social media (Zuech, Taghi and Randall). Conclusion: One can conclude from the discussion that social media today has emerged as a powerful platform to give shape to cyber insults, cyber bully and cyber threats without the fear of punishment. The three forms of cyber crimes using the social media are interrelated and have devastating impacts on the victims. Cyber insults hamper the societal and bilateral relationships. The cyber bullying impacts individuals both at financial and emotional level. The cyber threats impact companies, governments and their stakeholders like the public. The loopholes in the legal systems around the world, corruption and lack of technological infrastructure to prevent cyber crime in entirety prevent conviction of the cyber criminals. The countries urgently require adopting a common legal system which would allow trial of cyber criminals. The countries should minimize the corruption levels to crackdown on cyber crimes and cyber criminals. This would compel these groups to curtail their unlawful activities. References: "2011 Census Analysis: Ethnicity And Religion Of The Non-UK Born Population In England And Wales - Office For National Statistics."Ons.Gov.Uk, 2018, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011censusanalysisethnicityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18. "Criminal Cases."United States Courts, 2018, https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/types-cases/criminal-cases. "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act FATCA | Internal Revenue Service."Irs.Gov, 2018, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-fatca. "Privacy Data Security Update (2016)."Federal Trade Commission, 2018, https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy-data-security-update-2016. "These White People Will Respond To Your Racist Trolls So You DonT Have To."Huffington Post India, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/white-nonsense-roundup-racism-white-privilege_us_59c1811ae4b0186c22069390. "What Is Cyberbullying."Stopbullying.Gov, 2018, https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/index.html. "Why We Will Keep Exposing Social Media Racists."News24, 2018, https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Ahmed_Areff/why-we-will-keep-exposing-social-media-racists-20170120. Arora, Bhavna. "Exploring and analyzing Internet crimes and their behaviours."Perspectives in Science8 (2016): 540-542. Bashir, Bisma, and Aqeel Khalique. "A Review on Security versus ethics."International Journal of Computer Applications151.11 (2016). Boehme, Franziska. "We Chose Africa: South Africa and the Regional Politics of Cooperation with the International Criminal Court."International Journal of Transitional Justice11.1 (2017): 50-70. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried Engbersen. "How social media transform migrant networks and facilitate migration."Global Networks14.4 (2014): 401-418. Doty, Jennifer L., et al. "Patterns of bullying and sexual harassment: connections with parents and teachers as direct protective factors."Journal of youth and adolescence(2017): 1-16. Harichandran, Vikram S., et al. "A cyber forensics needs analysis survey: Revisiting the domain's needs a decade later."Computers Security57 (2016): 1-13. Keinis, Virginijs. "The Theoretical and Practical Challenges of European Security Community in the Context of Globalisation."European Integration Studies11 (2017): 65-74. Kowalski, Robin M., et al. "Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth." (2014): 1073. Martin, Jarred. "Towards a national security psychology in the South African National Defence Force Psychology in the Service of National Security, A. David Mangelsdorf (Ed.): book review."SA Journal of Industrial Psychology40.2 (2014): 1-3. Ross, Brian, and James Meek. "ISIS Threat: US Military Warned About Social Media Use."ABC News, 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-threat-home-fbi-warns-us-military-social/story?id=27270662. Yahner, Jennifer, et al. "The co-occurrence of physical and cyber dating violence and bullying among teens."Journal of interpersonal violence30.7 (2015): 1079-1089. Zuech, Richard, Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, and Randall Wald. "Intrusion detection and big heterogeneous data: a survey."Journal of Big Data2.1 (2015): 3.

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Example

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Barack Obamas rhetorical style is broadly acknowledged to be one of the most outstanding examples of communication strategy in recent political oratory. His political success reinforces the thesis that language is a powerful tool to influence citizens. The relationship between power, discourse and cognition provides the theoretical framework for the present analysis of Obama? s Inaugural Address; a speech which relies on literal meanings, and above all on figurative ones. Using this speech I will demonstrate how metaphor is a powerful strategy since first, it facilitates the understanding of abstract concepts in a short time span; second, it conveys positive images that benefit the orator; and, finally, because the message conveyed is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels. EL DISCURSO DE INVESTIDURA DE BARACK OBAMA: METAFORA Y VALORES COMO ESTRATEGIAS PERSUASIVAS PARA CELEBRAR UNA PRESIDENCIA LE DISCOURS D’INVESTITURE DE BARACK OBAMA: METAPHORE ET VALEURS COMME STRATEGIES PERSUASIVES POUR CELEBRER UNE PRESIDENCE We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RESUMEN: La estrategia retorica de Barack Obama es una de las mas sorprendentes en la oratoria politica mas reciente. Una victoria politica que refuerza la tesis del lenguaje como arma poderosa para influir en los ciudadanos. Las relaciones entre poder, discurso y cognicion constituyen el marco teorico del presente analisis en torno al Discurso de Investidura pronunciado por Obama en su toma de posesion como presidente; un discurso basado en significados literales y, sobre todo, metaforicos. Tal recurrencia mostrara el poder de la estrategia metaforica: Primero, porque la metafora facilita el comprension de conceptos abstractos en un breve espacio de tiempo; segundo, porque transmite imagenes positivas que benefician al orador; por ultimo, porque el mensaje metaforico es doblemente efectivo puesto que funciona a traves de un canal auditivo y otro visual. PALABRAS CLAVES: oratoria politica; poder; estrategia; metafora; cognicion. SUMARIO: 1. Introduccion 2. Procedimiento 3. Funcion antropologica de la metafora en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. Las metaforas belicas, del edificio y el viaje en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. 1. La metafora belica 4. 2. La metafora del edificio 4. 3. La metafora del viaje 5. La retorica de los valores 6. Conclusion RESUME: La strategie rhetorique de Barack Obama est l’une des plus surprenantes de l’art oratoire politique le plus recent. Une victoire politique qui renforce la these du langage comme arme puissante pour avoir de l’influence sur les citoyens. Les relations entre pouvoir, discours et cognition constituent la delimitation theorique de cette analyse autour du Discours d’Investiture prononce par Obama lors de sa prise de possession comme president; un discours base sur des significations litterales et, surtout, metaphoriques. Cette recurrence montrera le pouvoir de la strategie metaphorique: en premier lieu, parce que la metaphore facilite la comprehension de concepts abstraits dans un bref espace de temps; deuxiemement, parce qu’elle transmet des images positives qui profitent a l’orateur; enfin, parce que le message metaphorique est doublement effectif etant donne qu’il fonctionne par l’intermediaire d’un canal auditif et d’un canal visuel. MOTS CLES: art oratoire politique; pouvoir; strategie; metaphore; cognition. SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction 2. Notre approche 3. Fonction anthropologique de la metaphore dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. Les metaphores de guerre, du batiment et du voyage dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. 1. La metaphore de guerre 4. 2. La metaphore du batiment 4. 3. La metaphore du voyage 5. La rhetorique des valeurs 6. Conclusion KEY WORDS: political oratory; strategy; metaphor; cognition. power; SUMMARY: 1. Introduction 2. Our approach 3. Embodied function of metaphor in Obama’s â€Å"Inaugural Address† 4. War, construction, and journey metaphors in Obama’s Inaugural Address 4. 1. The war metaphor 4. . The construction metaphor 4. 3. The journey metaphor 5. The rhetoric of the American values 6. Conclusion Fecha de Recepcion Fecha de Revision Fecha de Aceptacion Fecha de Publicacion 15/04/2011 17/10/2011 18/11/2011 01/12/2011 pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 45 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO â€Å"The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms†. Barack Obama, Inaugural Address, 1-20-2009) 1. INTRODUCTION Language is the only tangible vehicle to access knowledge as well as a powerful tool that influences perceptions, and behaviors (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969). Words that evoke emotion may have a strong psychological impact on the audience (Ullman, 1969). Additionally, discursive genres are embedded in the culture and society in which they are produced. Therefore, any speech with the purpose of persuasion requires the most careful choice of language and contextual adjustment. Thus, political discourse seems to be a clear piece of evidence where rhetorical language is seen in action. This article attempts to analyse Obama’s Inaugural Address as a means of transmitting the American Dream to argue that metaphorical representation is essential to the relationships between word and action. This work will demonstrate that one reason for Obama’s success is that his linguistic choices are conveyed in captivating metaphors which often emerge from the American values. Relationships between metaphor, rhetoric and politics along with methodology used in study will be discussed in the first section. Evidence of metaphorical instances in Obama’s Inaugural Address is shown through the whole article as devices which help connect him psychologically with his audience. The second section explores the connections between Obama’s metaphors and notions related to the human body and its surrounding experience. Section three demonstrates how some metaphors work as cognitive patterns which provide whole semantic fields (Lakoff, 1980: 36; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999: 72): Political activity will be conceptualized as a battle, a construction, and a journey. The last section analyses some of the American values underlying Obamas Inaugural Address, and how, through an extremely empathic speech, the messages conveyed help connect Obama with his audience. 2. OUR APPROACH Persuasive strategies in political rhetoric are found in literal meanings, and also often in figurative. Scholars have agreed that metaphor is frequent and diverse (T. Carver, 2008; Honohan, 2008; Pikalo, 2008; Fridolfsson, 2008), ranging from election time to celebration speeches (Mieder, 2009; Vertessen Landtsheer, 2008). The reasons for such abundance of metaphors lie in the fact that they serve as both powerful learning tools and persuasive devices. A metaphor has learning power because it facilitates the understanding of messages by converting abstract notions into concrete ones (G. Lakoff, 1980; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999). Its persuasive power lies in the subliminal meanings conveyed by unconscious associations of words. Therefore, metaphor is a major means of ideological transmission appealing â€Å"to our emotions (or pathos) through unconsciously formed set 46 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO of beliefs, attitudes and values. † (Charteris-Black, 2005: 175) While it projects positive images that benefit the orator, it also conveys negative ones for his adversary. Consequently, it has the power to act as an emotional stimulus whose response may significantly change listeners attitudes and actions. Finally, the message conveyed by metaphor is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels at the same time, a verbal message and a mental image. Metaphors embody basic motives and can even appeal to international audiences (M. Osborn, 2009:81). However, metaphors often need to be adapted to the culture in which they are uttered in order to be persuasively effective (J. Aitchison, 1997: 92). Hence, not only do metaphors have a cognitive nature, but they also need to be culturally grounded. For this reason, metaphors may vary under time and space constraints as shown by diverse oratory styles (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2004). The theoretical framework presented in Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) provides an adequate approach to determine and analyze a specific set of metaphors found in Obama? s Inaugural Address. The cognitive theory of conceptual metaphor mapping is closely related to patterns of source domains usually salient to the audience. This is the reason why political activity is often considered a journey, a war, and a construction. Moreover, understanding social, cultural and ideological values is central to account for certain metaphorical choices. According to Charteris-Black (2004: 12), metaphor is an effective persuasive tool because it â€Å"taps into an accepted communal system of values. † Regarding previous works on metaphor, persuasion and ideology (Charteris-Black, 2004, Guitart, 2005; Lakoff, 2006; Mussolf, 2008), this article will demonstrate that Obama? s choice of metaphors is conscious and often carried out under the influence of a set system of values. A qualitative approach is central to this work. Therefore, it takes into account Praglejazz and E. Semino’s Metaphor Identification Procedure (2007) to determine the metaphoricity which takes place in Obama’s victory speech. MIP is based on a comparison between contextual and basic meanings. If the meaning of a lexical unit can be understood by comparing it to its basic one, the unit can be termed as metaphorical. This method focuses on the distinction between words conveying metaphorical meaning and those which do not according to context as a wide range of words can be considered metaphorical depending on different contexts. For instance, the term crusade is metaphorically intended in Bush’s rhetoric, it is interpreted as literal by many Muslims (Charteris-Black, 2004). 3. EMBODIED FUNCTION OF METAPHOR IN OBAMA’S â€Å"INAUGURAL ADDRESS† As G. Lakoff M. Johnson (1980) stated, people categorize their surrounding reality by establishing boundaries according to their own experience. In metaphorical speech, abstract notions are usually organized in physical objects, spatial orientations, and fixed structures, relating to daily human experience. Therefore, the resulting notions become more familiar, easier to understand, and are processed much faster. The human body is a productive lexical field for metaphorical creation in political discourse as Obama’s Inaugural Address demonstrates. For example, in the following excerpt, â€Å"†¦ these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he uses an evaluative image related to the body term hand described as raw, and surrounded by verbs such as struggle, sacrifice, and work. In the next example, he refers to a metaphorical phrase containing pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 47 the words hand and fist, â€Å"To those who cling to power [ ] we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. † Likewise, another metaphor combining bodily needs and nature appears as a parallel reference to body and mind, â€Å" ake your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. † Nature and natural phenomena terminology described in different ways, icy currents, rising tides, gathering clouds, water of peace and raging storms, lead us to associations with bad and good times, â€Å"†¦in this winter of our hardsh ip, [†¦], let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. † [†¦] The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. Many inanimate beings are conceptually, and linguistically, treated as humans. In other words, typically human features and actions are assigned to institutions, countries, and organizations. Relevant consequences arise from the analogy embodied in personifications. First, listeners feel a greater identification and a more positive attitude towards the object that has â€Å"become† human. Second, personification conveys more information than literal speech in a shorter utterance, which paradoxically is processed faster. In Obama? Inaugural speech, the word America undergoes a process of personification which results in a captivating metaphor because of its affectionate tone. For example, we read about ? Americas birth? , in other words, an America who is born into a new age of Obama? s victory; we also read about â€Å" a young nation †, and finally we read that â€Å" America is a friend † In the sphere of international politics, Obama? s Address depicts nations as humans, highlighting the need for good relationships in a globalized world: â€Å" reater cooperation and understanding between nations † where â€Å" the world grows smaller † Other abstract entities such as system, crisis, and economy undergo a similar process, â€Å"†¦our system cannot tolerate too many big plans †, â€Å"†¦this crisis has reminded us†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å" the state of the economy calls for action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Finally, one last personification which draws our attention is â€Å"†¦worn out dogmas that [ ] have strangled our politics. † This represents another captivating metaphor because of the negative associations conveyed in the gra phic idea of strangulation. Obama relates prior attitudes of intolerance with the deterioration of the Republican? s political activity. In addition to metaphor, metonym is another commonplace in political communication. The mental process involved in this strategy relates to the substitution of one entity for another without the use of an analogy. For instance, the name of a place is used instead of the activity which takes place there. In Obama? s speech, as in many other political speeches, words that name capital cities such as Washington or Madrid most frequently replace the word government. In turn, government is used instead of an explicit reference to â€Å"the elected and nonelected officials†. In both cases, this substitution takes place between a city and an institution, respectively, to refer to people and their activities. Metaphor and metonym often function together. For instance, the word government can be used for people, and at the same time to refer to human actions assigned to such institution, as stated in the following excerpt from the Inaugural speech, â€Å"The question [ ] is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs The same process applies to the term country, â€Å"†¦what this country has already done†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as institutions, â€Å"†¦our schools fail too many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, America becomes the 48 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO audienc e, But know this, America † A cause-effect metonym is also used by Obama to designate energy resources instead of its effect, â€Å"We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. Another metonymic connection has been found to name containers in the place of their content, â€Å"†¦the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together† instead of referring to energy itself. Synecdoche, a type of metonym that names a part for the whole, or vice versa, can also be traced to one of Obamas statements where the term heart replaces person, â€Å"†¦our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, he mentions particular institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities instead of referring to a faulty education system, â€Å" nd we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. † In sum, the use of these devic es could lead us to believe that the mental processes involved play an essential role as captivating strategies because of the psychological connections these devices build between orator and audience. 4. WAR, CONSTRUCTION, AND JOURNEY METAPHORS IN OBAMA’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS Certain metaphors are known as structural metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). They are named structural because they generate new metaphors out of a single semantic field in order to form a whole group of metaphors around the same topic. Some of the major semantic fields as speeches by European and American political leaders have proved are war, construction and journey. For instance, conflict metaphors are associated to M. Thatcher, journey metaphors, to M. Luther King and, construction ones to B. Clinton (Charteris-Black, 2005). This section will outline how this type of representation is used in Obama’s Inaugural Address to create captivating effects. 4. 1. THE WAR METAPHOR In general terms, POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A WAR is a frequently used metaphor during election time (M. P. Guitart, 2005): Elections usually become battlefields; words turn to weapons; and opponents are enemies. Even when it is an inaugural speech, war lexicon is still evidenced like in the case of Obama? s, â€Å"†¦each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. † In a subtle manner, Obama criticizes the lack of measures taken in the US to save energy. He references the negative consequences of such waste for the country and for their neighboring democracies while he condemns the profit made by other countries. Additionally, messages sometimes switch from a metaphorical meaning to a literal one, as seen in the previous and also in the following excerpt, â€Å"We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. † Through this fragment, listeners evoke â€Å"real† battles in their minds. They join Obama’s courageous leadership in defense of justice, and against those who attempt to frighten them by references to terror and slaughter. The next metaphor â€Å"†¦the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 49 whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  evokes the respect that should be devoted to every soldier killed in Vietnam and buried in the Arlington National Cemetery as they still safeguard the freedom of the North American people. The next rhetorical choice, â€Å"On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord † conveys a much gentler tone than other politicians? rhetoric. Obama? style offers more positive meanings compared to fellow politicians and to the traditional linguistic confrontation practice in Europe and in the United States (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2008). For example, as far as Obama’s predecessor? s administration is concerned, Professor W. Fields (2008), expert on presidential rhetoric, posits â€Å"One of the contrasts b etween the two administrations is the care with which Obama uses language†. Indeed, Obama has sought to avoid the controversial phrase â€Å"war on terror†, mainly because of its negative anti-Islamic and anti-Arab associations (Cordesman, 2008: 36). As opposed to the frequent use of â€Å"metaphors of separation†, Obama’s â€Å"metaphor of hopeâ€Å" has been present in his speeches since his Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention because â€Å"hope is the chance for a better world that can be produced in a society that values both strong personal and communitarian values. † (Rowland Jones, 2007: 442). 4. 2. THE CONSTRUCTION METAPHOR On the opposite extreme of bellicose analogies, the structural metaphor POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A CONSTRUCTION is also present in Obama’s Inaugural Address. The construction analogy refers to the positive connotations of creation and building. Its contrast to the conflict metaphor is easily acknowledged in the following excerpt, â€Å" to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. † These words are a compelling example of how Obama pursues a more subtle way of communication. He addresses his opponents emphasizing the idea of building as positive and destroying as negative. The notion of construction is often used metaphorically for its anthropological features. In other words, metaphors very often refer to peoples’ everyday customs like getting up, working or cleaning. This is also true in the next passage, â€Å" starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. † This phrase draws our attention for the several reasons: First, the idea conveyed in the metaphor â€Å" starting today, we must [ ] dust ourselves off † implies the abandonment of certain past habits to adopt new ones, and emerges from the literal meaning of removing dust from furniture. Second, it relates to the reconstruction of America as a consequence of Obama? s victory, â€Å" begin [ ] the work remaking America † In fact, Obama goes further with both metaphors as he applies the positive associations of building to a new era, the new America which has just begun with his election, and with the new policies which, in his own words, â€Å" begin and start today † The last metaphor concerning the idea of construction and its positive associations is â€Å"the levee metaphor† found in the next excerpt: â€Å"it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this passage, Obama references to the levees which were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, 2005, and the solidarity showed by many Americans. 50 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Through this metaphor; Obama attempts to convey two fundamental ideas: first, the importance of citizens to their country; second, the solidarity which the American people show towards others when a setback, problem or disaster arises. . 3. THE JOURNEY METAPHOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A JOURNEY is another productive metaphor in political speech (M. P. Guitart, 2005). The main idea conveyed in this metaphor is that political activity is conceived as a journey. Accordingly, Obama’s Address regards life in politics as a journey full of ways, routes, and paths, â€Å"†¦it is the surest route to our commo n good. † He also refers to â€Å"†¦the road that unfolds before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as an equivalent of â€Å"a double opportunity. † On other occasions, he depicts life as a progression, â€Å" this is the journey we continue today. Likewise, his references apply to the long distances walked together after having overcome difficulties, â€Å"†¦how far we have traveled. † An evident persuasive effect lies behind the unity that Obama creates with his audience. This captivating strategy of closeness is also evidenced in the next metaphor, â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted [ ] Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. It is the metaphor of a journey where long, rugged paths are taken and shared, abov e all, by every hard-working American whereas short-cuts and easy paths belong to others. This metaphor is an obvious praise towards the people whose subsequent positive emotional reaction is predictable (Santiago, 2010). On the long journey of life itself and life in politics, a forward movement is most likely perceived as positive as in the previous phrase â€Å" path towards prosperity and freedom. †, as well as in the following two, â€Å"†¦we intend to move forward†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"†¦ we seek a new way forward, On the contrary, a backward movement is considered as something negative as shown in the following passage, â€Å"Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Positive and negative associations emerge from cultural meaning. Similarly, Obama employs the positive associations of the word future re inforced by the ideas conveyed in the combination of the terms peace and dignity. At the same time, he mentions â€Å"the weakest†, women and children, in a way that everyone feels included and important, â€Å"†¦every man, woman and child who seek a future of peace and dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As opposed to the notion of light, the idea of darkness is a negatively associated determinant as in the phrase â€Å"†¦our darkest hours†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to convey people? s suffering metaphorically. J. Darsey (2009) states that the potency of Obama’s rhetoric lies in the concurrence of two metaphorical journeys, his personal journey and America’s journey, especially concerning the issue of race. In this manner, the Inaugural Address represents a personal victory and communal victory, where both journeys coincide and conclude with the first Afro-American elected president of the United States of America. pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 51 5. THE RHETORIC OF THE AMERICAN VALUES Politics and persuasion have been closely related since ancient Greece, and the role of Aristotles ethos, pathos and logos still remains central to political discourse. Accordingly, Obamas rhetoric can be characterized as extremely empathic. In other words, he capitalizes on the appeal of ethos because he addresses his audience in a positive and courteous manner that the nation easily identifies with his views (Charteris-Black, 2005; Santiago, 2009; C. Steel, 2009). As far as Obama’s â€Å"A More Perfect Union† speech is concerned, G. Lakoff (2008) points out that itâ€Å"works via the emotional structure built into the speech and into our national ideals. † His rhetorical success can be traced in a set of particular values which G. Lakoff (2009) called â€Å"The Obama Code†. In this way, his Inaugural Address often references values conveyed in words such as responsibility, unity, caring, hope and loyalty among others. Additionally, the original values stated by the Framers of the American Constitution are the most important issue in the US political life according to G. Lakoff. Thus, from the very beginning of the Inaugural Address, Obama stresses his link to the Framers of the Constitution by saying, â€Å"I stand here today [ ] mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. † Moreover, through the use of empathic forms of address such as â€Å"We the People Obama relates the importance of loyalty to both American national forbearers, and the founding documents of the US, â€Å"†¦because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. † Signatories of the Declaration of Independence and drafters of the US Constitution are present ideologically as a driving force for the co untry, and linguistically as a metaphorical construction as shown in the next excerpt, â€Å"Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. † This powerful image relates to dangerous work (charter full of perils) carried out by the Founding Fathers, and supported by the suffering and death (blood) of many courageous people. Consequently, such ideals are encouraging (light) and unforgettable. Another value referenced is a renewed notion of the American democracy, related to individual and, above all, social responsibility. A type of democracy which takes care of others as a way of â€Å" acting to make oneself, the country, and the world better because everybody deserves â€Å". protection and equal empowerment † from a moral government. Referring to the concept of framing, Obama has certainly given a renewed meaning to this word (D. Olive, 2008: 305). As expressed by Obama on CNN (2008), it implies â€Å"caring for the other† versus â€Å"extreme individualism†. Although emphasis is placed on societal respon sibility, personal responsibility is also necessary. In this way, Obama disarms the conservative criticism on liberals placing responsibility on the government and none on the individual (C. Rowland J. M. Jones, 2007: 441). Union is another value emphasized by Obama. M. S. Boyd (2009: 78) considers that â€Å"an all-encompassing message of unity [ ] makes his rhetoric more persuasive. † It is an idea of union as equivalent of inclusiveness, which applies to the issues of race and religion. Historically, race has been one of the hardest political issues to address in the United States. As 52 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Sharpley-Whiting (2008: 132) suggests, Obama’s speech on framing the race issue is a model which uses not only literal terms, but also metaphorical language. On the one hand, Obama deals with it as something that has already been overcome through his election as the following excerpt shows, â€Å"This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. On the other hand, the next one indicates that he believes there is still more work to be done. This thought is conveyed by the tasting of â€Å"the bitter swill† which refers to racism as a â€Å"dark chapter† in history. Obama also refers to racism with another compelling image, â€Å"the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve†. This metaphor reminds American people that racism, which has created hate and divided people, will be soon eradicated, â€Å"†¦and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help ut believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve;† As for religious values, Obama wants to make clear that every creed is welcomed in the US, â€Å"We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth;† In that way, a broad cultural scope of the audience could be emotionally touched in a positive manner. He praises the diverse religions, cultures, and languages in a more effective way through the metaphorical image of the â€Å"patchwork heritage†, â€Å"For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength not a weakness. † Emphasis on particular religious references may not be politically successful depending on cultural context. In the case of the Inaugural Address, overt references to Obama? s religious faith, such as â€Å"Gods grace upon us† and â€Å"the knowledge that God calls† clearly plays to the political narrative of the US. The Christian religious background that has long influenced in the congregations of powerfully effective preachers becomes present in B. Obama? s speeches (Higgings, 2009). Indeed, he has a particular rhetoric training based on the black American church, which captured the rhetorical tradition of educating people through sermons (Davidson, 2009). The following excerpt from the Inaugural Address reminds us of a religious sermon with explicit references to God and the Scriptures, â€Å"†¦in the words of Scripture, [ time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. † Through several parallelisms such as â€Å" to reaffirm our [ ] to choose our †, â€Å" that precious gift, that noble idea † and â€Å" all are equal, a ll are free, and all deserve † the audie

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Coldness. This was the first thing that struck, standing here, especially with the arrival of winter and its chilly snow that characterized this place, as well as the breezy northern wind. It was easy to be overwhelmed by the sights, sounds, and smells that accompanied the coldness. The surrounding was entirely transformed. Droplets of snow gracefully descended down to the ground, stacking up until it was a dozen feet high. Where there was once pale dead grass, there is now, endless rolling hills of crystal. The trees looked like delicate, thin dancers, twisting and arching up through the white soft layer of snow. Bushes became lumps of sugar and power-line between the pole turned heavy, sagging down as they were ladened with the weight of the flakes. Eventually they seemed to have vanished and that snow itself was suspended midair. In the far west, emerging through the misty cloud was the twilight, illuminating parts of skyline. Time progressed. As more snow collected, a certain hush established over the world. the snow seemed to mute the usual sounds go hand in hand with the bustle of daily live. The usual chaoticness was replaced with an eerie silence. Every once in a while, people would rush from place to place, causing the quiet crunching and squeaky snow to buckles under the pressure of their weight. The marks of their trail soon were replenish by the snow. Later in the day, the branches and limbs-with the heavy loads- creaked and groaned as they settled to a rest. However, the smell of snow was difficult to explain. There was a distinct scent to frozen crystals, an almost crisp odour. In addition to that, it stifled with the smell of pines and miasma of rotten leaves. Soon the atrocious smell would be blown away by the aroma of hot chocolate and cakes. Animals such as rabbits and squirrels living in their comfortable, warm caves came out when the aroma permeated deep into the forest, unable to resist. And when the dusk turned

Case studies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Studies - Case Study Example Thus because the public college professors and staff members dismissed from an office held under tenure have a property interest in their jobs, the property interest is safeguarded by due process. Thus, the Court made it clear that due process is required when depriving an individual of his property right, including a public employee's earned tenure. Additionally, the court has also made it clear that the property interest must be a present one and not one perceived or one that a person might have in the future. Here, the court is not saying that Roth was not injured. Indeed the question is not actually answered because the court's examination ends once they conclude that that Roth's position is not one that is a vested property right and therefore not subject to constitution protection. As the court noted: "In these circumstances, the respondent surely had an abstract concern in being rehired, but he did not have a property interest sufficient to require the University authorities to give him a hearing when they declined to renew his contract of employment." Accordingly, the Court does not have jurisdiction to decide what if an injury was suffered by Roth, because his constitutional rights have not been affected. Once the federal court concludes that there is no jurisdiction, that is the end of the inquiry. As to" implications of non-renewal for a faculty member's career path" I think that the implications are rather clear. If one in applying for a position at a public school or university , they are best advised to learn first what the tenured track is, and further to understand that without tenure, there is not a property right thus no protectionsat least on a constitutional level. Question 2 - What institutional practices or policies may create a constitutionally -protected property interest in one's job May faculty members in private institutions have such a property interest in their jobs Board of Regents v Roth demonstrates the Federal Courts' definition of property for constitutional purposes and due process protection examination. Against that backdrop, I would say that a public facility such as a state hospital, public school or library that has the offering of a position which can be substantially likened to the tenure track of a public university is one that could create a constitutionally protected property right. A crucial point to remember though is that the Court concluded that Roth had no "liberty" interest in any specific teaching job, and that he had no "property" interest in his job because he lacked "a legitimate claim of entitlement" under state law to his job. Property interests, the Court stress, must be found in the statutory or common law of the jurisdiction. Thus if there is no statutory or common law authority regarding the position, there is no constitutional protection to be afforded. Without a legitimate claim of entitlement to his job, the C ourt reasoned, there is nothing to have a hearing about. Faculty members in the private sector do not have any constitutional protections in a privately held university. The United States Constitution does not apply to every form of employment in the United States. The first issue with any federal claim is that it had to have been committed by a state actor and under color of state

Personal Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Worldview - Essay Example This essay discusses that since we used to attend that camp with our church I know that most of the kids from various churches only get to go because it is free to those in need. I used to see firsthand the excitement on the children’s faces as they heard stories from the Bible for the first time. God placed that upon my heart to donate monthly and I know my small donation might plant a seed in a heart that otherwise would not have been planted. By following God’s will to live a life of obedience and to serve others, I can live freely as God intended me to live (Smith, 1999).Other ways I am called as a Christian is to respond with openness and honesty, but also with grace towards those, I differ with (Smith, 1999). Living in a secular world requires me to deal with people who may not feel the same way I feel about different topics or choices. It is always important for me to treat them with respect even though I may disagree. Without being judgmental I can make my own p osition known. Knowing that there may not be a meeting of the minds on some issues, grace and respect should always be apparent. The Jesus in me that people see will hopefully plant a seed of a life they wish to have.If we share the world of the Gospel, it will become evident that to worship the One God, love the Christ, obey parents, show kindness toward our fellow beings, escape from debauchery and strictly observing chastity, honesty and integrity, that these are essential to make the world a peaceful and prosperous world (Smith, 1999).

Gm Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Gm Swot Analysis Essay General Motors Company is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan. One of the top automaker companies in the world. General Motors most well known as GM has purchase several brands over the years. Everything started with William â€Å"Billy† Durant who was the founder of General Motors on September 16, 1908 (History and Heritage) Durant was a manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in Flint, Michigan but saw great opportunities in the automobile industry. As demand grew over the years so did GM. The automobile company bought Chevrolet, Vauxhall and Opel. GM opened many plants inside and outside the United States and they wanted to create â€Å"a car for every purse and purpose† (History and Heritage) World War I and II were hard times for every company but GM found opportunities on consumers who were eager to purchase goods that were not possible during war. The key to the success of GM was the innovative designs that made consumers felt in love such as Chevrolet Corvette and BelAir, Cadillac El Dorado. At the same time, the company supplied the Allies during war with trucks, tanks and airplanes. GM made a lot of money and more importantly learn from this experience. However, everything was not perfect as companies need to keep innovating and adjusting in order to keep leading an industry. Foreign automakers companies from Japan and Germany made efforts to compete against GM and export cars to the United States that were smaller and had better gas mileage and they were also better for the environment. This new types of cars brought interest to consumers and GM started experiencing losses in the market. Since GM was a large company it was very difficult to change direction. In order to compete against foreign companies, GM had to reorganize the company and compete as a single global company. In addition, GM purchase more brands to get a better variety of vehicles but the company still could not keep pace of the fuel efficient and space of other foreign companies that were growing and taking part of the market share of GM. In spite of everything, GM keeps working hard to regain share from competitors and the fuel efficient is a key area to improve. Nowadays there are other sources of energy such as electric vehicle technology and hydrogen powered fuel-cell. GM was making big efforts to compete but a recession occurred during 2008 and the company filed for bankruptcy. The U.S. treasury gave a loan to General Motors to continue in business and restructure its operations. Nowadays, GM is a more lean company and it has restructure it is operations in order to be more focus on the market. GM has experience great sales and is selling more cars outside the U.S in key markets. Consequently, GM is the leading automaker company in China, Brazil, United Kingdom, Germany and United States. GM has a new face, they have restructure the organization and the company has a new business model with a new vision and experience employees that understand what it takes to be the leading automaker company in the world. GM is focus on delivering the world’s best vehicles with nice designs, efficient fuel and good prices. At the same time, they have learnt from the past that geographically, the demand for cars are different so they have work on delivering cars depending on the continent in which they are working. GM knows that in order to be a leading company they cannot just sell cars; they have to sell the right car to the right market. GM has shown that they are capable of having the latest technology with the Chevrolet Volt and they would keep innovating to satisfy customers demand in every space in the globe. Finally GM wants to have a proactive approach instead of a reactive approach and they know that they need a proactive approach to stay on top of the industry and define the industry standards. GM knows that they still have weaknesses in the company such as a large company that it is difficult to control. At the same time, foreign companies such as Honda, Toyota, Nissan, Kia, Volkswagen have gain customers loyalty and it would be a challenge for GM to gain market share from them. Other weakness of GM would be the complex supply chain of the company since it is a large company and it would have different components from different manufacturers and it is very difficult to keep track of all the orders. GM needs to develop a way to have a low fuel efficient in all of their vehicles because most people know that American cars spend lots of gas. The opportunities of GM are several. GM has many models that are parts of the automobile industry and they have redesign some models so people would buy them. Also they have the support of the U.S government and they are able to give better loan to customers. GM is also present in emerging markets. For example, China is experiencing grow in their automobile industry because more Chinese people are able to afford one. GM is well position in China and they have learnt from joint venture what Chinese people is looking in a car. Moreover, they have restructured the business model of the company and they are aware of their competitive advantage and they know the areas in which they have to improve. The threats face by GM could be the rise of fuel price or the innovation of a competitor that would provide a car to customer that uses a cheaper energy to use it. Also, competitor may improve their designs, prices or quality. Another threat may be the car sharing service or a new Chinese policy that disrupts businesses in China. In my opinion, the biggest threat of GM is the fuel economy standards. The company would need to work harder in this area to get even better than the leading automakers in this area which is Honda and Toyota. To conclude, I believe that GM is doing a great job having a leaner operations and selling different models in each continent since the situation in America is definitely not the same as in Europe. However, they need to work very hard to stay in business because other companies are gaining customers’ loyalty and improving every year. Works Cited â€Å"This is the New GM†. 2010 Annual Report. General Motors Company, n,d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. History and Heritage. History and Heritage. General Motors, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.

Comparing A Cage of butterflies to Mission to mars Essays -- essays re

Science fiction produces a "what if" element that asks a question and prophesises the future. There are many texts, which presents the reader or viewer with a particular way of science fiction. The two texts, "A cage of butterflies" by Brain Caswell and "Mission to Mars" by Brian de Palmer, both of which conform to science fiction. The technology used in "A cage of butterflies" is of extremely high standard and produces a theme that prophesises about experimentation and mutations occurring on humans. The theme in "Mission to Mars" is about discovery, communication and reaching out to other life forms. In "A cage of butterflies", the research laboratory in NSW is covertly set, as what they are doing is illegal. The extremely tight security of the laboratory gives the reader a feeling that the research lab is like a prison or a zoo. This impression is also supported by the place where the babies are kept under tight surveillance and the way that they are being monitored through a glass window. The environment the think tanks occupy is more like a home than a lab, because they aren't aware of what is happening, so they refer to the place as the "Farm". The characters in "A cage of butterflies" are intelligent heroes. The "think tank" are a bunch of kids with an I.Q. well above 150. Mikki and Greg are the main characters, both born with natural leadership and who love each other. The babi...

Management and Leadership of Organizations Essay

Management and Leadership of Organizations Unit 1 Individual Project American InterContinental University Details: The internet has created new ways to do business for organizations with much less capital planning as opposed to the high capital needs of traditional brick and mortar organizations. Based on this, how should management and leadership be addressed for each type of business? Research successful traditional and online retailers and address the following issues: Discuss the organizational structure of one traditional and one online retailer. Identify two management or leadership challenges for each type of retailer. Are the challenges basically the same or different? In what ways are they the same or how are they different? If you were advising a successful leader in a traditional retailer who was interested in making the transition to working as an online retail organization, what advice would you give? Management and Leadership This paper I will examine the roles and responsibilities of authoritative managers and leaders in advancement and creating an advantageous authoritative ability in a company. I will additionally differentiate amid administration and administration aural an aggregation as able-bodied as call the roles in which both managers and leaders comedy in creating and advancement an advantageous authoritative ability in a company. I will go on to explain how the arch action of administration supports the conception and aliment of an advantageous authoritative ability in a company. Finally, I will achieve with my recommendations that both managers and leaders can use to actualize and advance an advantageous authoritative ability in a company. The responsibilities of the managers in a company are to overlook employees’ performance, accommodate acknowledgment during advance reviews, and analyze areas of improvements and agent recognition. A company will also have leaders, which are classified as assignments or work leaders. Their duties are to aid advisers like themselves in their circadian job duties. Assignment or work leaders tend to be added accomplished advisers who managers agent this responsibility. Although the two high leaders and management seem to be similar, I can truly tell you they are very different. Someone people maybe a manger but not a true leader. The definition of a manager is to accept subordinates and leaders accept followers. (Changing Minds) There are dissimilarities with a leader and a manager at each company. They can have very different attitudes on their goals. whit a manager in a company’s authoritative goals are linked to the ability of the organization based on the four functions of administration such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, as with leaders access goals are on a more personal level. Leaders tend to advance his or her own account rather than accommodate to the â€Å"Main Objective† of the organization. Leaders accept an abundant access on others. According to the analysis I have found it states that, â€Å"Outstanding leaders connect their strategic substance and effective interpersonal processes to codify and apparatus strategies that produce a result and acceptable aggressive advantage†. Within a company, both managers and aggregation leads have a role in creating and advancement an advantageous authoritative culture. Often, a person can tend to act out of ethnocentrism, which is â€Å"the addiction to adjudicator others by the standards of one’s accumulation or culture, which are apparent as superior,† This behavior reflects badly on an organization. Managers and aggregation leads in a company are declared to reflect the personality of the support the overall goals and the organization. For example, a company, it is important that you accomplish every goal to get a customer’s to have absolutely corporation with an operational person in a proper time frame that you guarantee your customers so that they are happy. To do this involves a lot of maneuverings from several people in the organization. Both managers and leads must take on some activity to ensure this is done. An acceptable leader will help motivate the advisers to want to access and meet this goal. This entails the lead of management, which â€Å"involves the manager’s efforts to activate high achievement by each employee†. In A company, administering account achievement evaluations on advisers or employees helps each manager by pointing out employees’ strengths, weaknesses, and areas of improvements to accredit that agent to grow to be more successful. This supports the conception and aliment of an advantageous organizational culture within the company. This way the advisers or employees can see where they are and what area they need to change to be affective in the organization’s goal. The leading action of administration â€Å"involves the manager’s efforts to activate high achievement by employees†. In an organization, this is handled by administering account evaluations of each advisers and having daily team meetings to communicate tasks that are being followed and completed to be sent to high management. This is additionally how administration supports the conception and aliment of an advantageous organizational culture in a company. Recommendations for managers who demand to be leaders are to appearance compassion. To be a leader a person needs to see the world as an opportunity to change. They need to accept the employees’ dilemmas. Respect the assessment of the advisers and accomplish decisions that will be acceptable not only for them but the company as well. Leaders should not be acquisitive or selfish. They need to accept the amount of sharing, and apperceive their success is the effect of the efforts of every individuals. In conclusion I have shown you the different aspects between a manager and a leader in a company. With a new concept and a diverse world of business it is very necessary to implement both the managerial skills with the leadership skills in order to create new ideas. All of the Employees need to feel that their worth everything to the company and that they know that their opinions matter in the company as well. With c company you will always have challenging assignments and implementing that will build an idea in an employee and some are will not be discontent or unhappy. References Changing Minds Retrieved from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader. htm The Art and Science of Leadership sixth edition author Afsaneh Nahavandi

Methodology Research Data - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2823 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction According to Walliman (2001), a methodology explains the theory behind the research methods or approaches. This chapter highlights the theories behind the methodology employed and examines the research methods that are most appropriate for this research which help to better understand the topic under investigation. This research undertakes an analytical review of customer retention techniques of Indian banks, using Citibank as a case study. This chapter outlines how this analysis is undertaken and describes the rationale behind the choice of research design and the construction of the method. Research Method Construction Much of the research undertaken in social sciences is primary. This is based on the collection of primary data, that is, data originated by the researcher for the purpose of the investigation at hand (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Primary analysis is the original analysis of data in a research study. It is what one typically imagines as the application of statistical methods. However, not every study or research undertaking must begin with the collection of primary data. In some cases, the information required is already available from published sources. This is called secondary research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the summation, collation, and/or synthesis of existing research. Secondary information consists of sources of information collected by others and archived in some form. These sources include reports, industry studies, as well as books and journals. The collection, generation, and dissemination of information is growing. This means that there exists a tremendous amount of secondary data that is relevant to todays decision-making problems. Knowledge accumulation increasingly relies on the integration of previous studies and findings. Glass (1976) argues that when the literature on a topic grows and knowledge lies untapped in completed research studies, this endeavour (of research synthesis) deserves higher priority than adding a new experiment or survey to the pile (Glass, 1976, p. 4). One of the main reasons to value secondary data comes from the ease of collection for research use (Houston, 2004). This information can be of considerable importance for two reasons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methodology Research Data" essay for you Create order Time savings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically, the time involved in searching secondary sources is much less than that needed to complete primary data collection. Cost effectiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" similarly, secondary data collection in general is less costly than primary data collection. For the same level of research budget a thorough examination of secondary sources can yield a great deal more information than can be had through a primary data collection exercise. Another, and perhaps more important, benefit to researchers from employing secondary data is that alternative types of data can provide multi-method triangulation to other research findings (Houston, 2004). This is because the knowledge bases regarding many constructs, such as retention and loyalty, have been built heavily through survey research approaches. All things being equal, secondary data should be used if it helps researchers to solve the research problem (Saunders et al., 2006). If there exists data that solves or lends insight into the research problem, then little primary research has to be conducted. Because resource constraints are always a problem for the researcher, it makes good sense to exhaust secondary data sources before proceeding to the active collection of primary data. In addition, secondary data may be available which is entirely appropriate and wholly adequate to draw conclusions and answer the question or solve the problem. This secondary ana lysis may involve the combination of one data set with another, address new questions or use new analytical methods for evaluation. Secondary analysis is the re-analysis of data for the purpose of answering the original research question with different statistical techniques, or answering new questions with old data. Secondary analysis is an important feature of the research and evaluation landscape. Generally, secondary research is used in problem recognition and problem clarification. However, in addition to being helpful in the definition and development of a problem, secondary data is often insufficient in generating a problem solution (Davis, 2000). Whilst the benefits of secondary sources are considerable, their shortcomings have to be acknowledged. There is a need to evaluate the quality of both the source of the data and the data itself. The first problem relates to definitions. The researcher has to be careful, when making use of secondary data, of the definitions used by those responsible for its preparation. Another relates to source bias. Researchers have to be aware of vested interests when they consult secondary sources. Those responsible for their compilation may have reasons for wishing to present a more optimistic or pessimistic set of results for their organisation. Also, secondary data can be general and vague and therefore may not help with decision-making. In addition, data may be incomplete. Finally, the time period during which secondary data was first compiled may have a substantial effect upon the nature of the data. Considering these shortcomings, primary data collection strategy was also adopted after analysis and collection of secondary data. This was purposely done by the author as the author wanted to analyze the previous similar researches before drafting a primary data collection questionnaire. In constructing the primary data collection method, data needs were first specified. Primary data was collected in t he form of interviews with Citibank operational and branch managers, focus groups were also conducted with a sample of Citibank customers. These methods were considered to be the most appropriate in terms of achieving the objectives of the study and worked out best within the time and cost constraints. Semi-structured probing interview with Citibank management staff revealed in depth information and insights on customer retention and relationship banking. Focus groups conducted with Citibank customers was the best way to get information out of them as ideas from person sparked off ideas from another and the group gelled together very well. Also, facial expressions and bodily movements indicated quite a lot in a focus group. It wasnt feasible to conduct telephonic interview or video-conferencing due to the costs involved. Though, initially some thoughts were given to conducting telephonic interviews with Citibank employees, but later on the idea was shelved because of tim e and cost constraints. Secondary data for this research concentrated on collecting data from books, journals, online publications, white papers, previous researches, newspapers (Economic Times) taped interviews, websites, research databases etc. Secondary data was collected and partially analyzed before embarking onto primary data collection methods so that the designing of focus group and interview questions can be framed properly. Although, most of the secondary data was collected by the time primary data collection methods were embarked upon, but secondary data collection didnt stop altogether. In a way, the data collected from the secondary data and the data gathered from field research helped in triangulation. The field research also helped in testing the hypothesis that was developed after studying the concepts and theories (deductive approach). Also, after gaining sufficient insight on the topic, it made it easier for the author to frame the questionnaire, becau se first the questions to test the hypothesis were framed and then specific questions were framed which would have helped in forming a hypothesis (inductive approach). Primary research tried to delve as deep as possible into areas which could not have been covered by secondary research and where first-hand information was absolutely necessary to come to a definitive conclusion. Research Approach Qualitative method is a kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. It is based on a meaning expressed through words (Saunders, 2006). Qualitative research method often provides rich descriptive and exploratory data and is exploratory in nature. Quantitative methods on the other hand, uses numbers and statistical method, it tends to be based on meanings derived from numbers. The research approach used for this research is primarily qualitative. Both the primary data collection methods concentrate on qualitative data collection. But, quantitative data is also collated in the form of company reports. Company reports were reviewed to analyse the effect of retention measures on management accounts. So, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection technique is applied, although the major part of the research relies upon qualitative data and its analysis. Qualitative secondary in formation from a variety of sources are gathered like Citibank Case Studies, Web page , Reference books , Journals , Online journals, Newspaper and Magazine Articles , Taped interviews , Business news channel views , Research Agency) databases . Quantitative data from Citibank Company Reports and other supermarkets are collected and analyzed to compare and contrast the effect of various retention initiatives. The Research Design A research design is the framework or a plan for a study used as a guide to collect and analyse data, it is the blueprint that is followed (Churchill and Iacobucci 2005; pg 73). Kerlinger (1996; pg 102) defines a plan and structure of investigation to obtain answers to research questions. The plan here means the overall scheme or program of the research and includes an outline of what the researcher seeks to do from hypotheses testing to the final analysis of the data. A structure is framework organization or configuration of the relations among variables of a study (Robson, 2002; pg 73). The research design expresses both the structure of the research and the plan of investigation used to obtain empirical evidence on the relations of the problem. Some of the common approaches to research design include exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research. For the purpose of this research, an exploratory research is conducted as little previous researches are a vailable on customer retention in Indian banks. Hence little information is available on how to solve the research since there is little past references. The focus of this study is on gaining insights and familiarity with the subject area of customer retention for more rigorous investigation at a later stage. The approach is very open and a wide range of data and information can be gathered and it will provide the conclusive answer to the problem defined. This research will study which existing theories or concepts with regards to customer retention can be applied to the problem defined. It will rely on extensive face to face interviews conducted with Bank Managers of Citibank to understand the concept of customer retention and how it is implemented. One of the reasons for carrying out an exploratory study for the purpose of this study is, because some facts about customer retention are known by the author but more information is required to build a theoretical framework. Sample Sample selection in this study, was driven by the need to allow maximum variation in conceptions. Individual managers were interviewed according to their expected level of insight regarding customer retention. In total, five interviews were conducted, all participants were employed by Citibank in India. In addition, two interviewees had been directly involved in developing the retention strategy while the other three had gained experience in implementing retention strategies. Thus, the likelihood of uncovering a range of variations between conceptions of retention was increased. Focus group participants banked with Citigroup in some form or the other (current accounts, credit cards, loans etc). These participants represented a mix of genders, age, banking experience, discipline and experience of banking with different banks. Method of Data Collection Data was collected using a semi-structured interview technique, which is characterized by (Booth, 1997 as being both open and deep.Open refers to the fact that the researcher is open to be guided by the responses made by the interviewee (Marton, 1994; Booth, 1997). Deep describes how, during the interview, individual interviewees are encouraged to discuss their conceptions in depth until both the researcher and the interviewee reach a mutual understanding about the phenomenon in question (Booth, 1997; Svensson, 1997). In this study, this facilitated the prompting of interviewees to move beyond the concept of retention and into relationship building and loyalty. All face-to-face interviews were conducted with a single member separately in the participants office, with the interviews lasting between 30 and 40 minutes. Initially a community of interpretation (Apel, 1972) between the researcher and participant was established, with the researcher explaining that the objective of the research was to understand what constitutes effective retention strategy and the importance of retention within the banking community. The question encouraged the participants to reflect upon and articulate their own lived experience of retention. They also focused on the structural-how aspects of customer retention. In asking about the roles and activities related to retention, it tried to figure out the how component of retention. The interviews progressed around these topics, with participants guiding the agenda based on the extent of their interest in the topic. For example, the majority of interviewees drew upon comparisons between the American banking systems when expressing their views on the retention process. In addition to the primary questions, follow-up questions were asked as appropriate. Examples included What do you mean by that?, What happens?, and Is that how you see your role? These questions encouraged individual participants to elaborate the meanin g of customer retention. Data Analysis All five interviews and focus group sessions were taped and then transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then analysed by the research team using investigator triangulation (Janesick, 1994). In line with the suggestions of Francis (1996), a structural framework for organizing the transcripts was first developed. This prevented the research team getting lost in the enormous amount of text contained in each transcript and ensured we focused on the underlying meaning of the statements in the text, rather than on the specific content of particular statements. The components of the framework were dimensions of supervisors conceptions, which were not predetermined by the researchers but were revealed in the texts. The phenomenographic approach seeks to identify and describe the qualitatively different ways of experiencing a specific aspect of reality (Marton, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1994, 1995; Van Rossum Schenk, 1984; Johansson, Marton, et al., 1985; Sa ¨ ljo ¨ , 1988; Sandberg 1994, 1997, 2000, 2001; Svensson 1997). These experiences and understandings, or ways of making sense of the world, are labelled as conceptions or understandings. The emphasis in phenomenography is on how things appear to people in their world and the way in which people explain to themselves and to others what goes on around them, including how these explanations change (Sandberg, 1994). The framework we used to organize the data in each transcript comprised four dimensions of the explanations that supervisors used to make sense of their world, as expressed by them in the interview: (a) What the interviewees conception of supervision meant to the interviewee in terms of the goal of supervision (referential-what); (b) How the conception was translated by the interviewee into roles and activities (structural-how); (c) What the conception meant to the interviewee in terms of the desired outcomes of the PhD supervision (referential-what); and (d) What factors influenced the interviewees conception (external influences). The organizing framework was then used to reduce the text in each interview transcript to its essential meaning. Each researcher reread the first interview transcript. Discussion, debate, and negotiation then followed as we applied the components of our organizing framework to the first interviewee. Where differences of opinion occurred, a researcher attempted to convince the others of the veracity of their claims. As a result of this ongoing and open exchange, we reached agreement about the components of the first interviewees conceptions that we believed were most faithful to the interviewees understanding of their lived experience of PhD supervision, as represented by their interview transcript. We then repeated this process for the next interviewee until all of the transcripts had been reduced into the organizing framework. Conceptions began to emerge from our organizing framework as we alterna ted between what the interviewees considered PhD supervision to be, how they enacted supervision in their roles and activities, and why they had come to this understanding of supervision. Once these conceptions emerged, we tentatively grouped together interviewees who shared conceptions of supervision that were similar to each other and were different from those conceptions expressed by other super-visors. We then cross-examined our interpretations of each interviewees understanding of supervision by proposing and debating alternative interpretations. This cross-examination continued until we, as a group, reached agreement on two issues: First, we believed we had established the most authentic interpretation of each interviewees understanding. Second, we believed we had grouped interviewees expressing qualitatively similar understandings into the same category of description and had grouped interviewees expressing qualitatively different conceptions into different categor ies of description. Five categories of description, which we labelled as Conceptions 1 through to 5, emerged from this process. Through the same iterative process, and through open dialogue and debate between the members of the research team, we were then able to map the five conceptions into an outcome space. The outcome space illustrates the relationships between the differing conceptions in two ways: First, the outcome space illustrates the outcome of higher priority sought by the supervisor (completion of the PhD or new insight). Second, it distinguishes the fundamental approach to supervision as either pushing (the student is a self-directed learner) or pulling (the student is a managed learner) the student through the process. Table 2 summarizes the techniques we applied, as derived from the literature, to improve the validity and reliability of our interpretations of the interviewees experiences as expressed in the transcripts.