Girls’ State Essay

I want to go to the Rhododendron Girls State Program. My participation would radically help me in the entirety of my future undertakings. It would furnish me with a chance to join the more than 30,000 young ladies who have as of now profited by the citizenship, initiative, and enthusiasm preparing. This broadly perceived program would help me scholastically exceed expectations above others. Other than glancing extraordinary by and large on my school application, it could give me an opportunity to get grants. After secondary school, I right now intend to proceed with my instruction at either West Liberty University or Ohio University.I need to take a double major of science and science; these majors are significant on the grounds that I need to be Pre-Medicine. Alongside a thorough educational program, I want to play university softball. After school, I will again encourage my instruction by setting off to an institute of medication so as to turn into an orthopedic specialist. At the point when I apply for induction into these schools, they will consider projects, for example, Girls State making them see me as a superior decision than the individuals who didn't go to such programs.Since I will before long be of casting a ballot age, I am keen on getting a superior understanding and more profound respect for my nation’s inheritance of opportunity and majority rule government. Pursuing positions, enlisting to cast a ballot, and conveying addresses will give me direct understanding for this present reality. My nation’s history is special and the establishing fathers of America would be glad to see youth finding out about the administration they made.

5 Situations When You DONT Need to Use the Services of Expert Writers

5 Situations When You DONT Need to Use the Services of Expert Writers Many students turn to the use of expert writers to seek help when they are busy or overwhelmed with writing assignments. And while expert writers are great to have on hand, especially for those more challenging situations, there are still times when hiring expert writers is not necessarily what you should do. Sometimes, you might be overwhelmed with your homework and you are just unable to complete all of your tasks. Often in these cases you might ask a custom writing service to provide you with a model paper so that you can use it as an example. But sometimes it becomes a habit, and it can become a bad one. It is for this reason that it is important to learn how to tell the difference between times when you need to order a model paper and times that you are merely falling victim to your laziness or procrastination. You do not need to services of expert writers when your paper is due within the span of several months. In cases like these you have plenty of time to conduct the necessary research, draft your outline, and write the paper. You need not bother with a model paper in such cases. You also do not need to rely upon the services of expert writers when your assignment is something designed to help you develop a new set of skills which you currently do not have. In cases like these you need to complete the task yourself as a matter of learning. You need to really push yourself in order to gain that knowledge, often because the knowledge or skillset you are gaining is something upon which you will expound for the next lesson. You really do not want to miss out on a key aspect of learning. When your professor sets extraordinary requirements it is important to avoid using a model paper. The reason for this is that a model paper might have different structure from the one required and if you do not follow the rules laid out by your professor it can end badly. Additionally, when an essay deals with the topic important for the whole subject you are writing your paper for, you should avoid working with a model paper because this means you need to plunge into it by yourself. When you know you can write it yourself but you are too lazy to do it, you should avoid hiring an expert. If you were to start writing the paper the moment you began making up excuses for why you don’t want to do it, you would be halfway done before you realized anything. Overall, there are times when the use of expert writers is ideal and a model paper can be used to help you write your paper. However, there are other times when you must avoid succumbing to the habit of using a model paper and instead overcome your laziness or procrastination so as to write a great paper.

Mental Health Incidents Have Effected Policing - 1439 Words

the ways in which they address mental health incidents have effected policing. Through my research I have determined that Canadian law enforcement has failed to manage the new demands placed on them from historical and societal changes towards mental illness. This failure to properly manage has caused inefficiencies Police have long been the default resource to manage new demands from changes in society, and in regards to mental illness, they have been referred to as the â€Å"informal first responders of mental health† (Council of Canadian 33). This responsibility on police stems from two common law principles: â€Å"power and authority of police to protect the safety of the community, and the parens patriae doctrine which grants state protection for citizens with disabilities such as the acutely mentally ill† (UBC). While police have long had a responsibility to protect and HANDLE those with mental health issues, police interactions with PMI’s have increased over time. Several interrelated factors have contributed to this increase, most notably: the switch from institutionally to community based mental health care, changes to involuntary commitment for treatment, and a lack of funding for mental health care programs and services. Community based mental health care and service began to gain popularity in the United States in the 1930’s when psychologists began arguing against the legitimacy of institutionalization, calling it inhumane, and suggesting that diagnosis and treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of A Computer Or Itc System1188 Words   |  5 Pagesinfrastructures have been victims too. Educational facilities, healthcare hospitals providers and police agencies have been victims. In 2015 five Maine police agencies, whose computer systems were linked, were forced to pay $300 to cybercriminals. An officer had opened an email that was infected with ransomware and computer experts were not able to unlock the system. 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Communism Has Denied Basic Human Rights - 2030 Words

Surrounded by barriers of controlled propaganda and instilled fear, Communism has denied basic human rights under the disguise of utopian ideals since its first practice in 1917 by Russia. Communism, an ideology originally founded by Karl Marx, proposed a way of life in which all workers would be equal. Marx called on the working class, or the proletariat, to unite against the class of factory owners and investors, or the bourgeois; it was predicted that Communism would arise in the countries where these classes are present. This form of government, however, remains fundamentally flawed in the sense that it is socially impossible, bearing in mind the human mentality of evolution and ambition. In order to make Communism a reality, many basic human rights have to be taken away including the rights to life and liberty, to an impersonal education, public hearing, privacy, and movement. By using different approaches of psychology as implements of repression and social control, Communist c ountries have attempted to maintain a totalitarian government while the church, despite the many obstacles faced, has remained peaceful while providing hope and support for the citizens. One field of psychology relied upon most evidently by the Communist Government of the Soviet Union was the psychodynamic approach, a perspective that looks at childhood and family experiences, unconscious thought, and societal demands, denying the human rights to freedom of thought and to an unbiased educationShow MoreRelatedEssay about Should Art Be Censored?990 Words   |  4 PagesShould Art Be Censored? What if I told you that many artists around the world, including America, are being tormented and silenced for their freedom of expression? It sounds a little strange to think that in the twenty-first century a human can still be suppressed from expressing itself however it wants. 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Marx’s atheistic teachings created a succession of process philosophers that eventually brought us to our current situation. By not believing in or following God’s word or established institutions, in this case the family and marriage, humans begin to go against God and away from God. In today’s world, the news headlines are filled with results of process philosophy; homosexual â€Å"marriages† being legalized, divorce rates are sky high, domestic violence rates up above normal, etcetera. Read MoreEthics: Moral Absolutes Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter of God. Francis Schaeffer said that not all things are the same to God and means that God exists and has a character, but not all things are the same to him. Some things conform to His character, and some are opposed to his character . 2. What did Schaeffer conclude about a society without moral absolutes? Do we see this in society? 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Psychology In Service Of National Security -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychology In Service Of National Security? Answer: Introduction: Social media today is used by unethical and illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others without the fear of being punished. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried state that social media is even used to distort important national and international data by illegal organisations to spread panic and fear among the common people. The social media platforms today consist of video sharing and streaming websites like Youtube, communication based websites like Facebook and picture sharing websites like Instagram. The numbers of users of these social networking websites are so vast that is practically impossible to monitor their activities. The users often use social media to bully and threaten innocent people using fake names and often go unpunished which encourages them to continue their illegal ventures. The essay would point out how social networking is used by these illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others. It would also include facts like cyber laws and how users prevent these un lawful attempts to arouse fear among them. Discussion: Insult and passing derogatory comments on the digital platform is one of the most illegal and unethical applications of the social media websites. Unethical groups use social media to pass insulting comments against certain communities and races. For example, there are people who pass comments on others on the grounds of races, colours, creeds, religions, sexual preferences or other any other personal attributes. Such comments make the group of people being victimized threatened and endangered (huffingtonpost.in). The impact of these racist and insulting comments on the social media is often disastrous. Today, most of the countries like the United Kingdom share their human resources with other countries by virtue of international ties between them. These means the population of these countries have large proportions of residents from other countries. For example, the latest census of Britain shows that almost half its present population is from Asia and Africa. These people have thei r own religions, cultures, traditions and even physical features like skin colours which are distinct from the resident British population (ons.gov.uk). Thus, passing insulting comments on social media result in fear, insecurity, agony and resentment among these people. These negative feelings sometimes result in uprising and public show of anger against the racist comments (news24.com). These clashes between the insulted community and the government of the resident country (the UK in this case) may lead to breach of diplomatic ties between the country of origin of the insulted community and the resident country (Boehme). According to Martin, these uprising in countries and resultant international tensions endanger the security of countries involved. The banned groups often use the strategy of cyber insult to create diplomatic disturbances between countries to give ultimatum to their inhuman intentions. These groups usually present these insults as personal opinion which they share with their friends and acquaintances on the social platforms. The serious impacts of hate comments passed on the social media has led to the governments of countries like the United States pass laws to detect and check this misuse of the digital platform. For example, the Federal Trade Commission which draws its power from Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act seeks to warn consumers against unethical groups (ftc.gov). Cyber bullying or using the social media platforms to bully innocent people refers to passing incorrect information about others usually to cause harm to them. The unlawful organizations use the social media to bully unsuspecting people to gain undeserved benefits like gaining confidential financial information. The bully can take form of sexual harassments, rumors about victims personal lives and threats (Kowalski et al.). These acts arouse negative reactions among the victims like making them feel afraid, insecure, depressed and even lead them to commit suicides. Compared to cyber insult, cyber bullying has more damaging impacts on the victims. The mentally weak people often enter depression phase due to cyber bulling. Doty et al. point out that cyber bullying is prevalent in the workplaces where a certain section of employees are targeted on the grounds of their attributes like sexuality. The employees holding high positions and even peers often use social media platforms like Fac ebook to harass female employees. This often results in the targeted female employees resigning from the organizations which lead to loss of efficient employees, thus affecting the productivity of these organizations. This has led the apex management of organizations to make policies to check all forms of cyber bullying among the employees (Yahner et al). Cyber bullying today has reached a new height and has financial as well legal implications. Unauthorized groups usually camouflage as authentic financial institutions and communicate with customers in forms of emails, calls and messages. They ask predetermined questions to extract financial information from these customers like debit card details. They use these details to obtain money from the accounts of these customers and channelize the money to finance unlawful activities like terrorism. These illegal organizations again use the accounts of customers to channelize their earnings back into the global economy, which is known as money laundering (stopbullying.gov). This strong relationship between cyber bullying, terrorist financing and money laundering has led countries around the world monitor the flow of money in the accounts of the bank customers stringently. For example, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act or FATCA by the United States requires all non-American financial in stitutions maintain record of their customers and to report their identities to the US Department of Treasury (irs.gov). This clearly shows that such stringent acts by financial institutions to prevent cyber bullying of financial nature limits the liquidity of the accounts of customers. Thus, the impact of cyber bullying is restricted to individual victims. It has devastating impacts on the financial conditions of the people and even on the flows of money within the economies. Cyber threats are the acts of gaining access to data stored on computers without gaining authorization from the owners of the data. The hackers often use virus and malwares to intrude into databases of companies to gain confidential financial information to finance their unlawful activities. These hackers steal information about customers and use cyber bullying to gain access to the bank accounts of these customers to finance their unlawful like terrorism (Bashir and Aqeel). However, cyber crime using social media websites is not restricted to hacking information from company to finance inhuman activities. Unlawful groups today threat top officers of the global multinational companies and government officials to extort money from them. The militant groups today upload videos of them threatening governments and countries on Youtube and Facebook. They use social media platform to flaunt their power to endanger global peace and harmony. The governments of developed and emerging countrie s in particular are subjected to these forms of threats (abcnews.go.com). These threats usually create panic among the people within countries as they often lead to waning of the trust of the people in the might of their countries to protect them. The three categories of cyber crimes using the social media platform are increasing alarmingly mainly due to lack of infrastructure to punish the people involved in these activities. The first factor which prevents the countries checking cyber crime is the lack of proper ways to deal with them. The groups which indulge in cyber crimes are financially and technically very strong. They use technology to protect their actions from being detected by government agencies like defense forces and police. Moreover, laws of most of the countries require the convicts or their representatives to be present to commence a legal case against them. For example, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in the United States requires physical presence of the accused persons to protect their rights to justice (uscourts.gov). The main players of cyber crime usually route cyber crime activities from outside their target countries. Thus, the Supreme Courts of the affected countries are not able to convict t hese criminals which rid them of the fear of punishments. There are diverse ways in which countries deal with cyber crimes and try convicts of the crime if caught. The criminals often use these loopholes in the judiciary systems of different countries to escape from being convicted (Harichandran, Vikram., et al.). Thus, complexities in judiciary systems of countries are responsible for the cyber criminals carrying out cyber crime with increasing intensity. The groups involved in cyber crimes on the social media are usually linked to financially powerful terrorist groups. They bribe the top officials of governments of different countries to escape punishments. Thus, the corrupted government machineries of different countries are also responsible for increasing power of cyber criminals on social media (Zuech, Taghi and Randall). Conclusion: One can conclude from the discussion that social media today has emerged as a powerful platform to give shape to cyber insults, cyber bully and cyber threats without the fear of punishment. The three forms of cyber crimes using the social media are interrelated and have devastating impacts on the victims. Cyber insults hamper the societal and bilateral relationships. The cyber bullying impacts individuals both at financial and emotional level. The cyber threats impact companies, governments and their stakeholders like the public. The loopholes in the legal systems around the world, corruption and lack of technological infrastructure to prevent cyber crime in entirety prevent conviction of the cyber criminals. The countries urgently require adopting a common legal system which would allow trial of cyber criminals. The countries should minimize the corruption levels to crackdown on cyber crimes and cyber criminals. This would compel these groups to curtail their unlawful activities. References: "2011 Census Analysis: Ethnicity And Religion Of The Non-UK Born Population In England And Wales - Office For National Statistics."Ons.Gov.Uk, 2018, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011censusanalysisethnicityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18. "Criminal Cases."United States Courts, 2018, https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/types-cases/criminal-cases. "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act FATCA | Internal Revenue Service."Irs.Gov, 2018, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-fatca. "Privacy Data Security Update (2016)."Federal Trade Commission, 2018, https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy-data-security-update-2016. "These White People Will Respond To Your Racist Trolls So You DonT Have To."Huffington Post India, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/white-nonsense-roundup-racism-white-privilege_us_59c1811ae4b0186c22069390. "What Is Cyberbullying."Stopbullying.Gov, 2018, https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/index.html. "Why We Will Keep Exposing Social Media Racists."News24, 2018, https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Ahmed_Areff/why-we-will-keep-exposing-social-media-racists-20170120. Arora, Bhavna. "Exploring and analyzing Internet crimes and their behaviours."Perspectives in Science8 (2016): 540-542. Bashir, Bisma, and Aqeel Khalique. "A Review on Security versus ethics."International Journal of Computer Applications151.11 (2016). Boehme, Franziska. "We Chose Africa: South Africa and the Regional Politics of Cooperation with the International Criminal Court."International Journal of Transitional Justice11.1 (2017): 50-70. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried Engbersen. "How social media transform migrant networks and facilitate migration."Global Networks14.4 (2014): 401-418. Doty, Jennifer L., et al. "Patterns of bullying and sexual harassment: connections with parents and teachers as direct protective factors."Journal of youth and adolescence(2017): 1-16. Harichandran, Vikram S., et al. "A cyber forensics needs analysis survey: Revisiting the domain's needs a decade later."Computers Security57 (2016): 1-13. Keinis, Virginijs. "The Theoretical and Practical Challenges of European Security Community in the Context of Globalisation."European Integration Studies11 (2017): 65-74. Kowalski, Robin M., et al. "Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth." (2014): 1073. Martin, Jarred. "Towards a national security psychology in the South African National Defence Force Psychology in the Service of National Security, A. David Mangelsdorf (Ed.): book review."SA Journal of Industrial Psychology40.2 (2014): 1-3. Ross, Brian, and James Meek. "ISIS Threat: US Military Warned About Social Media Use."ABC News, 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-threat-home-fbi-warns-us-military-social/story?id=27270662. Yahner, Jennifer, et al. "The co-occurrence of physical and cyber dating violence and bullying among teens."Journal of interpersonal violence30.7 (2015): 1079-1089. Zuech, Richard, Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, and Randall Wald. "Intrusion detection and big heterogeneous data: a survey."Journal of Big Data2.1 (2015): 3.

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Example

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Barack Obamas rhetorical style is broadly acknowledged to be one of the most outstanding examples of communication strategy in recent political oratory. His political success reinforces the thesis that language is a powerful tool to influence citizens. The relationship between power, discourse and cognition provides the theoretical framework for the present analysis of Obama? s Inaugural Address; a speech which relies on literal meanings, and above all on figurative ones. Using this speech I will demonstrate how metaphor is a powerful strategy since first, it facilitates the understanding of abstract concepts in a short time span; second, it conveys positive images that benefit the orator; and, finally, because the message conveyed is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels. EL DISCURSO DE INVESTIDURA DE BARACK OBAMA: METAFORA Y VALORES COMO ESTRATEGIAS PERSUASIVAS PARA CELEBRAR UNA PRESIDENCIA LE DISCOURS D’INVESTITURE DE BARACK OBAMA: METAPHORE ET VALEURS COMME STRATEGIES PERSUASIVES POUR CELEBRER UNE PRESIDENCE We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RESUMEN: La estrategia retorica de Barack Obama es una de las mas sorprendentes en la oratoria politica mas reciente. Una victoria politica que refuerza la tesis del lenguaje como arma poderosa para influir en los ciudadanos. Las relaciones entre poder, discurso y cognicion constituyen el marco teorico del presente analisis en torno al Discurso de Investidura pronunciado por Obama en su toma de posesion como presidente; un discurso basado en significados literales y, sobre todo, metaforicos. Tal recurrencia mostrara el poder de la estrategia metaforica: Primero, porque la metafora facilita el comprension de conceptos abstractos en un breve espacio de tiempo; segundo, porque transmite imagenes positivas que benefician al orador; por ultimo, porque el mensaje metaforico es doblemente efectivo puesto que funciona a traves de un canal auditivo y otro visual. PALABRAS CLAVES: oratoria politica; poder; estrategia; metafora; cognicion. SUMARIO: 1. Introduccion 2. Procedimiento 3. Funcion antropologica de la metafora en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. Las metaforas belicas, del edificio y el viaje en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. 1. La metafora belica 4. 2. La metafora del edificio 4. 3. La metafora del viaje 5. La retorica de los valores 6. Conclusion RESUME: La strategie rhetorique de Barack Obama est l’une des plus surprenantes de l’art oratoire politique le plus recent. Une victoire politique qui renforce la these du langage comme arme puissante pour avoir de l’influence sur les citoyens. Les relations entre pouvoir, discours et cognition constituent la delimitation theorique de cette analyse autour du Discours d’Investiture prononce par Obama lors de sa prise de possession comme president; un discours base sur des significations litterales et, surtout, metaphoriques. Cette recurrence montrera le pouvoir de la strategie metaphorique: en premier lieu, parce que la metaphore facilite la comprehension de concepts abstraits dans un bref espace de temps; deuxiemement, parce qu’elle transmet des images positives qui profitent a l’orateur; enfin, parce que le message metaphorique est doublement effectif etant donne qu’il fonctionne par l’intermediaire d’un canal auditif et d’un canal visuel. MOTS CLES: art oratoire politique; pouvoir; strategie; metaphore; cognition. SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction 2. Notre approche 3. Fonction anthropologique de la metaphore dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. Les metaphores de guerre, du batiment et du voyage dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. 1. La metaphore de guerre 4. 2. La metaphore du batiment 4. 3. La metaphore du voyage 5. La rhetorique des valeurs 6. Conclusion KEY WORDS: political oratory; strategy; metaphor; cognition. power; SUMMARY: 1. Introduction 2. Our approach 3. Embodied function of metaphor in Obama’s â€Å"Inaugural Address† 4. War, construction, and journey metaphors in Obama’s Inaugural Address 4. 1. The war metaphor 4. . The construction metaphor 4. 3. The journey metaphor 5. The rhetoric of the American values 6. Conclusion Fecha de Recepcion Fecha de Revision Fecha de Aceptacion Fecha de Publicacion 15/04/2011 17/10/2011 18/11/2011 01/12/2011 pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 45 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO â€Å"The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms†. Barack Obama, Inaugural Address, 1-20-2009) 1. INTRODUCTION Language is the only tangible vehicle to access knowledge as well as a powerful tool that influences perceptions, and behaviors (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969). Words that evoke emotion may have a strong psychological impact on the audience (Ullman, 1969). Additionally, discursive genres are embedded in the culture and society in which they are produced. Therefore, any speech with the purpose of persuasion requires the most careful choice of language and contextual adjustment. Thus, political discourse seems to be a clear piece of evidence where rhetorical language is seen in action. This article attempts to analyse Obama’s Inaugural Address as a means of transmitting the American Dream to argue that metaphorical representation is essential to the relationships between word and action. This work will demonstrate that one reason for Obama’s success is that his linguistic choices are conveyed in captivating metaphors which often emerge from the American values. Relationships between metaphor, rhetoric and politics along with methodology used in study will be discussed in the first section. Evidence of metaphorical instances in Obama’s Inaugural Address is shown through the whole article as devices which help connect him psychologically with his audience. The second section explores the connections between Obama’s metaphors and notions related to the human body and its surrounding experience. Section three demonstrates how some metaphors work as cognitive patterns which provide whole semantic fields (Lakoff, 1980: 36; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999: 72): Political activity will be conceptualized as a battle, a construction, and a journey. The last section analyses some of the American values underlying Obamas Inaugural Address, and how, through an extremely empathic speech, the messages conveyed help connect Obama with his audience. 2. OUR APPROACH Persuasive strategies in political rhetoric are found in literal meanings, and also often in figurative. Scholars have agreed that metaphor is frequent and diverse (T. Carver, 2008; Honohan, 2008; Pikalo, 2008; Fridolfsson, 2008), ranging from election time to celebration speeches (Mieder, 2009; Vertessen Landtsheer, 2008). The reasons for such abundance of metaphors lie in the fact that they serve as both powerful learning tools and persuasive devices. A metaphor has learning power because it facilitates the understanding of messages by converting abstract notions into concrete ones (G. Lakoff, 1980; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999). Its persuasive power lies in the subliminal meanings conveyed by unconscious associations of words. Therefore, metaphor is a major means of ideological transmission appealing â€Å"to our emotions (or pathos) through unconsciously formed set 46 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO of beliefs, attitudes and values. † (Charteris-Black, 2005: 175) While it projects positive images that benefit the orator, it also conveys negative ones for his adversary. Consequently, it has the power to act as an emotional stimulus whose response may significantly change listeners attitudes and actions. Finally, the message conveyed by metaphor is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels at the same time, a verbal message and a mental image. Metaphors embody basic motives and can even appeal to international audiences (M. Osborn, 2009:81). However, metaphors often need to be adapted to the culture in which they are uttered in order to be persuasively effective (J. Aitchison, 1997: 92). Hence, not only do metaphors have a cognitive nature, but they also need to be culturally grounded. For this reason, metaphors may vary under time and space constraints as shown by diverse oratory styles (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2004). The theoretical framework presented in Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) provides an adequate approach to determine and analyze a specific set of metaphors found in Obama? s Inaugural Address. The cognitive theory of conceptual metaphor mapping is closely related to patterns of source domains usually salient to the audience. This is the reason why political activity is often considered a journey, a war, and a construction. Moreover, understanding social, cultural and ideological values is central to account for certain metaphorical choices. According to Charteris-Black (2004: 12), metaphor is an effective persuasive tool because it â€Å"taps into an accepted communal system of values. † Regarding previous works on metaphor, persuasion and ideology (Charteris-Black, 2004, Guitart, 2005; Lakoff, 2006; Mussolf, 2008), this article will demonstrate that Obama? s choice of metaphors is conscious and often carried out under the influence of a set system of values. A qualitative approach is central to this work. Therefore, it takes into account Praglejazz and E. Semino’s Metaphor Identification Procedure (2007) to determine the metaphoricity which takes place in Obama’s victory speech. MIP is based on a comparison between contextual and basic meanings. If the meaning of a lexical unit can be understood by comparing it to its basic one, the unit can be termed as metaphorical. This method focuses on the distinction between words conveying metaphorical meaning and those which do not according to context as a wide range of words can be considered metaphorical depending on different contexts. For instance, the term crusade is metaphorically intended in Bush’s rhetoric, it is interpreted as literal by many Muslims (Charteris-Black, 2004). 3. EMBODIED FUNCTION OF METAPHOR IN OBAMA’S â€Å"INAUGURAL ADDRESS† As G. Lakoff M. Johnson (1980) stated, people categorize their surrounding reality by establishing boundaries according to their own experience. In metaphorical speech, abstract notions are usually organized in physical objects, spatial orientations, and fixed structures, relating to daily human experience. Therefore, the resulting notions become more familiar, easier to understand, and are processed much faster. The human body is a productive lexical field for metaphorical creation in political discourse as Obama’s Inaugural Address demonstrates. For example, in the following excerpt, â€Å"†¦ these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he uses an evaluative image related to the body term hand described as raw, and surrounded by verbs such as struggle, sacrifice, and work. In the next example, he refers to a metaphorical phrase containing pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 47 the words hand and fist, â€Å"To those who cling to power [ ] we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. † Likewise, another metaphor combining bodily needs and nature appears as a parallel reference to body and mind, â€Å" ake your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. † Nature and natural phenomena terminology described in different ways, icy currents, rising tides, gathering clouds, water of peace and raging storms, lead us to associations with bad and good times, â€Å"†¦in this winter of our hardsh ip, [†¦], let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. † [†¦] The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. Many inanimate beings are conceptually, and linguistically, treated as humans. In other words, typically human features and actions are assigned to institutions, countries, and organizations. Relevant consequences arise from the analogy embodied in personifications. First, listeners feel a greater identification and a more positive attitude towards the object that has â€Å"become† human. Second, personification conveys more information than literal speech in a shorter utterance, which paradoxically is processed faster. In Obama? Inaugural speech, the word America undergoes a process of personification which results in a captivating metaphor because of its affectionate tone. For example, we read about ? Americas birth? , in other words, an America who is born into a new age of Obama? s victory; we also read about â€Å" a young nation †, and finally we read that â€Å" America is a friend † In the sphere of international politics, Obama? s Address depicts nations as humans, highlighting the need for good relationships in a globalized world: â€Å" reater cooperation and understanding between nations † where â€Å" the world grows smaller † Other abstract entities such as system, crisis, and economy undergo a similar process, â€Å"†¦our system cannot tolerate too many big plans †, â€Å"†¦this crisis has reminded us†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å" the state of the economy calls for action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Finally, one last personification which draws our attention is â€Å"†¦worn out dogmas that [ ] have strangled our politics. † This represents another captivating metaphor because of the negative associations conveyed in the gra phic idea of strangulation. Obama relates prior attitudes of intolerance with the deterioration of the Republican? s political activity. In addition to metaphor, metonym is another commonplace in political communication. The mental process involved in this strategy relates to the substitution of one entity for another without the use of an analogy. For instance, the name of a place is used instead of the activity which takes place there. In Obama? s speech, as in many other political speeches, words that name capital cities such as Washington or Madrid most frequently replace the word government. In turn, government is used instead of an explicit reference to â€Å"the elected and nonelected officials†. In both cases, this substitution takes place between a city and an institution, respectively, to refer to people and their activities. Metaphor and metonym often function together. For instance, the word government can be used for people, and at the same time to refer to human actions assigned to such institution, as stated in the following excerpt from the Inaugural speech, â€Å"The question [ ] is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs The same process applies to the term country, â€Å"†¦what this country has already done†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as institutions, â€Å"†¦our schools fail too many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, America becomes the 48 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO audienc e, But know this, America † A cause-effect metonym is also used by Obama to designate energy resources instead of its effect, â€Å"We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. Another metonymic connection has been found to name containers in the place of their content, â€Å"†¦the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together† instead of referring to energy itself. Synecdoche, a type of metonym that names a part for the whole, or vice versa, can also be traced to one of Obamas statements where the term heart replaces person, â€Å"†¦our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, he mentions particular institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities instead of referring to a faulty education system, â€Å" nd we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. † In sum, the use of these devic es could lead us to believe that the mental processes involved play an essential role as captivating strategies because of the psychological connections these devices build between orator and audience. 4. WAR, CONSTRUCTION, AND JOURNEY METAPHORS IN OBAMA’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS Certain metaphors are known as structural metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). They are named structural because they generate new metaphors out of a single semantic field in order to form a whole group of metaphors around the same topic. Some of the major semantic fields as speeches by European and American political leaders have proved are war, construction and journey. For instance, conflict metaphors are associated to M. Thatcher, journey metaphors, to M. Luther King and, construction ones to B. Clinton (Charteris-Black, 2005). This section will outline how this type of representation is used in Obama’s Inaugural Address to create captivating effects. 4. 1. THE WAR METAPHOR In general terms, POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A WAR is a frequently used metaphor during election time (M. P. Guitart, 2005): Elections usually become battlefields; words turn to weapons; and opponents are enemies. Even when it is an inaugural speech, war lexicon is still evidenced like in the case of Obama? s, â€Å"†¦each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. † In a subtle manner, Obama criticizes the lack of measures taken in the US to save energy. He references the negative consequences of such waste for the country and for their neighboring democracies while he condemns the profit made by other countries. Additionally, messages sometimes switch from a metaphorical meaning to a literal one, as seen in the previous and also in the following excerpt, â€Å"We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. † Through this fragment, listeners evoke â€Å"real† battles in their minds. They join Obama’s courageous leadership in defense of justice, and against those who attempt to frighten them by references to terror and slaughter. The next metaphor â€Å"†¦the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 49 whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  evokes the respect that should be devoted to every soldier killed in Vietnam and buried in the Arlington National Cemetery as they still safeguard the freedom of the North American people. The next rhetorical choice, â€Å"On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord † conveys a much gentler tone than other politicians? rhetoric. Obama? style offers more positive meanings compared to fellow politicians and to the traditional linguistic confrontation practice in Europe and in the United States (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2008). For example, as far as Obama’s predecessor? s administration is concerned, Professor W. Fields (2008), expert on presidential rhetoric, posits â€Å"One of the contrasts b etween the two administrations is the care with which Obama uses language†. Indeed, Obama has sought to avoid the controversial phrase â€Å"war on terror†, mainly because of its negative anti-Islamic and anti-Arab associations (Cordesman, 2008: 36). As opposed to the frequent use of â€Å"metaphors of separation†, Obama’s â€Å"metaphor of hopeâ€Å" has been present in his speeches since his Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention because â€Å"hope is the chance for a better world that can be produced in a society that values both strong personal and communitarian values. † (Rowland Jones, 2007: 442). 4. 2. THE CONSTRUCTION METAPHOR On the opposite extreme of bellicose analogies, the structural metaphor POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A CONSTRUCTION is also present in Obama’s Inaugural Address. The construction analogy refers to the positive connotations of creation and building. Its contrast to the conflict metaphor is easily acknowledged in the following excerpt, â€Å" to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. † These words are a compelling example of how Obama pursues a more subtle way of communication. He addresses his opponents emphasizing the idea of building as positive and destroying as negative. The notion of construction is often used metaphorically for its anthropological features. In other words, metaphors very often refer to peoples’ everyday customs like getting up, working or cleaning. This is also true in the next passage, â€Å" starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. † This phrase draws our attention for the several reasons: First, the idea conveyed in the metaphor â€Å" starting today, we must [ ] dust ourselves off † implies the abandonment of certain past habits to adopt new ones, and emerges from the literal meaning of removing dust from furniture. Second, it relates to the reconstruction of America as a consequence of Obama? s victory, â€Å" begin [ ] the work remaking America † In fact, Obama goes further with both metaphors as he applies the positive associations of building to a new era, the new America which has just begun with his election, and with the new policies which, in his own words, â€Å" begin and start today † The last metaphor concerning the idea of construction and its positive associations is â€Å"the levee metaphor† found in the next excerpt: â€Å"it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this passage, Obama references to the levees which were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, 2005, and the solidarity showed by many Americans. 50 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Through this metaphor; Obama attempts to convey two fundamental ideas: first, the importance of citizens to their country; second, the solidarity which the American people show towards others when a setback, problem or disaster arises. . 3. THE JOURNEY METAPHOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A JOURNEY is another productive metaphor in political speech (M. P. Guitart, 2005). The main idea conveyed in this metaphor is that political activity is conceived as a journey. Accordingly, Obama’s Address regards life in politics as a journey full of ways, routes, and paths, â€Å"†¦it is the surest route to our commo n good. † He also refers to â€Å"†¦the road that unfolds before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as an equivalent of â€Å"a double opportunity. † On other occasions, he depicts life as a progression, â€Å" this is the journey we continue today. Likewise, his references apply to the long distances walked together after having overcome difficulties, â€Å"†¦how far we have traveled. † An evident persuasive effect lies behind the unity that Obama creates with his audience. This captivating strategy of closeness is also evidenced in the next metaphor, â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted [ ] Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. It is the metaphor of a journey where long, rugged paths are taken and shared, abov e all, by every hard-working American whereas short-cuts and easy paths belong to others. This metaphor is an obvious praise towards the people whose subsequent positive emotional reaction is predictable (Santiago, 2010). On the long journey of life itself and life in politics, a forward movement is most likely perceived as positive as in the previous phrase â€Å" path towards prosperity and freedom. †, as well as in the following two, â€Å"†¦we intend to move forward†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"†¦ we seek a new way forward, On the contrary, a backward movement is considered as something negative as shown in the following passage, â€Å"Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Positive and negative associations emerge from cultural meaning. Similarly, Obama employs the positive associations of the word future re inforced by the ideas conveyed in the combination of the terms peace and dignity. At the same time, he mentions â€Å"the weakest†, women and children, in a way that everyone feels included and important, â€Å"†¦every man, woman and child who seek a future of peace and dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As opposed to the notion of light, the idea of darkness is a negatively associated determinant as in the phrase â€Å"†¦our darkest hours†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to convey people? s suffering metaphorically. J. Darsey (2009) states that the potency of Obama’s rhetoric lies in the concurrence of two metaphorical journeys, his personal journey and America’s journey, especially concerning the issue of race. In this manner, the Inaugural Address represents a personal victory and communal victory, where both journeys coincide and conclude with the first Afro-American elected president of the United States of America. pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 51 5. THE RHETORIC OF THE AMERICAN VALUES Politics and persuasion have been closely related since ancient Greece, and the role of Aristotles ethos, pathos and logos still remains central to political discourse. Accordingly, Obamas rhetoric can be characterized as extremely empathic. In other words, he capitalizes on the appeal of ethos because he addresses his audience in a positive and courteous manner that the nation easily identifies with his views (Charteris-Black, 2005; Santiago, 2009; C. Steel, 2009). As far as Obama’s â€Å"A More Perfect Union† speech is concerned, G. Lakoff (2008) points out that itâ€Å"works via the emotional structure built into the speech and into our national ideals. † His rhetorical success can be traced in a set of particular values which G. Lakoff (2009) called â€Å"The Obama Code†. In this way, his Inaugural Address often references values conveyed in words such as responsibility, unity, caring, hope and loyalty among others. Additionally, the original values stated by the Framers of the American Constitution are the most important issue in the US political life according to G. Lakoff. Thus, from the very beginning of the Inaugural Address, Obama stresses his link to the Framers of the Constitution by saying, â€Å"I stand here today [ ] mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. † Moreover, through the use of empathic forms of address such as â€Å"We the People Obama relates the importance of loyalty to both American national forbearers, and the founding documents of the US, â€Å"†¦because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. † Signatories of the Declaration of Independence and drafters of the US Constitution are present ideologically as a driving force for the co untry, and linguistically as a metaphorical construction as shown in the next excerpt, â€Å"Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. † This powerful image relates to dangerous work (charter full of perils) carried out by the Founding Fathers, and supported by the suffering and death (blood) of many courageous people. Consequently, such ideals are encouraging (light) and unforgettable. Another value referenced is a renewed notion of the American democracy, related to individual and, above all, social responsibility. A type of democracy which takes care of others as a way of â€Å" acting to make oneself, the country, and the world better because everybody deserves â€Å". protection and equal empowerment † from a moral government. Referring to the concept of framing, Obama has certainly given a renewed meaning to this word (D. Olive, 2008: 305). As expressed by Obama on CNN (2008), it implies â€Å"caring for the other† versus â€Å"extreme individualism†. Although emphasis is placed on societal respon sibility, personal responsibility is also necessary. In this way, Obama disarms the conservative criticism on liberals placing responsibility on the government and none on the individual (C. Rowland J. M. Jones, 2007: 441). Union is another value emphasized by Obama. M. S. Boyd (2009: 78) considers that â€Å"an all-encompassing message of unity [ ] makes his rhetoric more persuasive. † It is an idea of union as equivalent of inclusiveness, which applies to the issues of race and religion. Historically, race has been one of the hardest political issues to address in the United States. As 52 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Sharpley-Whiting (2008: 132) suggests, Obama’s speech on framing the race issue is a model which uses not only literal terms, but also metaphorical language. On the one hand, Obama deals with it as something that has already been overcome through his election as the following excerpt shows, â€Å"This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. On the other hand, the next one indicates that he believes there is still more work to be done. This thought is conveyed by the tasting of â€Å"the bitter swill† which refers to racism as a â€Å"dark chapter† in history. Obama also refers to racism with another compelling image, â€Å"the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve†. This metaphor reminds American people that racism, which has created hate and divided people, will be soon eradicated, â€Å"†¦and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help ut believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve;† As for religious values, Obama wants to make clear that every creed is welcomed in the US, â€Å"We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth;† In that way, a broad cultural scope of the audience could be emotionally touched in a positive manner. He praises the diverse religions, cultures, and languages in a more effective way through the metaphorical image of the â€Å"patchwork heritage†, â€Å"For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength not a weakness. † Emphasis on particular religious references may not be politically successful depending on cultural context. In the case of the Inaugural Address, overt references to Obama? s religious faith, such as â€Å"Gods grace upon us† and â€Å"the knowledge that God calls† clearly plays to the political narrative of the US. The Christian religious background that has long influenced in the congregations of powerfully effective preachers becomes present in B. Obama? s speeches (Higgings, 2009). Indeed, he has a particular rhetoric training based on the black American church, which captured the rhetorical tradition of educating people through sermons (Davidson, 2009). The following excerpt from the Inaugural Address reminds us of a religious sermon with explicit references to God and the Scriptures, â€Å"†¦in the words of Scripture, [ time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. † Through several parallelisms such as â€Å" to reaffirm our [ ] to choose our †, â€Å" that precious gift, that noble idea † and â€Å" all are equal, a ll are free, and all deserve † the audie

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Coldness. This was the first thing that struck, standing here, especially with the arrival of winter and its chilly snow that characterized this place, as well as the breezy northern wind. It was easy to be overwhelmed by the sights, sounds, and smells that accompanied the coldness. The surrounding was entirely transformed. Droplets of snow gracefully descended down to the ground, stacking up until it was a dozen feet high. Where there was once pale dead grass, there is now, endless rolling hills of crystal. The trees looked like delicate, thin dancers, twisting and arching up through the white soft layer of snow. Bushes became lumps of sugar and power-line between the pole turned heavy, sagging down as they were ladened with the weight of the flakes. Eventually they seemed to have vanished and that snow itself was suspended midair. In the far west, emerging through the misty cloud was the twilight, illuminating parts of skyline. Time progressed. As more snow collected, a certain hush established over the world. the snow seemed to mute the usual sounds go hand in hand with the bustle of daily live. The usual chaoticness was replaced with an eerie silence. Every once in a while, people would rush from place to place, causing the quiet crunching and squeaky snow to buckles under the pressure of their weight. The marks of their trail soon were replenish by the snow. Later in the day, the branches and limbs-with the heavy loads- creaked and groaned as they settled to a rest. However, the smell of snow was difficult to explain. There was a distinct scent to frozen crystals, an almost crisp odour. In addition to that, it stifled with the smell of pines and miasma of rotten leaves. Soon the atrocious smell would be blown away by the aroma of hot chocolate and cakes. Animals such as rabbits and squirrels living in their comfortable, warm caves came out when the aroma permeated deep into the forest, unable to resist. And when the dusk turned